TOPIC- CARBON

MONOXIDE
SUBMITTED TO-
Mrs. DEEPIKA SANDHU
Mrs. DEEPIKA SANDHU
SUBMITTED BY-

PRABHAT PRAJAPATI
ACKNOWLEDGMEN
T
I would like to express heartfull
thanks to Mrs. DEEPIKA SANDHU
(PGT Chemistry) of K. V.no.2.
She taught us in a way that we got
through this opportunity and
express my views about the
assignment .it acknowledges that
some useful material from the
chemistry textbook has been
utilized in my thought and
assignment.
 INTRODUCTION
• CARBON MONOXIDE(CO) : is a colorless, odorless and
tasteless gas, which is highly toxic to humans and
animals. It consists of one carbon atom and one 
oxygen  atom, connected by a covalent double bond
and a dative covalent bond. It is the simplest oxocarbon
, and is an anhydride of formic acid.
• In coordination complexes the carbon monoxide ion is
called carbonyl.
• Carbon monoxide is produced from the partial
oxidation of carbon-containing compounds; it forms
when there is not enough oxygen to produce carbon
dioxide (CO2), such as when operating a stove or an 
internal combustion engine in an enclosed space.
Carbon monoxide burns with a blue flame, producing
carbon dioxide. Despite its toxicity, coal gas, which was
widely used before the 1960s for domestic lighting,
cooking and heating, produced carbon monoxide as a
byproduct. Some processes in modern technology, such
as iron smelting, still produce carbon monoxide as a
byproduct.
MOLECULAR PROPERTIES
The bond length between the carbon atom and
the oxygen atom is 112.8 pm.[3] Atomic 
formal charge and electronegativity result in a
small bond dipole moment with the negative
end of the molecule on the carbon atom.[4] This
is due to the highest occupied molecular orbital
having energy much closer than that of
carbon's p orbitals, despite oxygen's greater
electronegativity. This means that greater 
electron density is found near the carbon atom.
In addition, carbon's lower electronegativity
creates a much more diffuse electron cloud,
enhancing the polarizability. This is also the
reason why almost all chemistry involving
carbon monoxide occurs through the carbon
atom, and not the oxygen.
• The bond length of CO is consistent with a
partial triple bond, and the molecule can be
represented by three resonance structures:
• In this model, the leftmost structure
contributes the most. Carbon monoxide
resembles molecular nitrogen, and it has
nearly the same molecular mass. Their
physical properties (boiling point, melting
point, etc.) are very similar.
 PHYSIOLOGICAL
PROPERTIES
• TOXICITY :Carbon monoxide poisoning is the
most common type of fatal air poisoning in many
countries.[5] Carbon monoxide is colorless,
odorless and tasteless, but highly toxic. It
combines with hemoglobin to produce 
carboxyhemoglobin, which is ineffective for
delivering oxygen to bodily tissues. This condition
is known as anoxemia). Concentrations as low as
667 ppm may cause up to 50% of the body's
hemoglobin to convert to carboxyhemoglobin.[
citation needed] In the United States, the OSHA limits

long-term workplace exposure levels above 50

ppm.
• The most common symptoms of carbon
monoxide poisoning may resemble other types of
poisonings and infections (such as the flu),
• includingheadache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, 
lethargy and a feeling of weakness

• Infants may be irritable and feed poorly.

Neurological signs include confusion,
disorientation, visual disturbance,syncope and
seizures.
• Some descriptions of carbon monoxide poisoning
include retinal hemorrhages, and an abnormal
cherry-red blood hue. In most clinical diagnoses
these signs are seldom seen.
• Carbon monoxide binds to other molecules such
as myoglobin and mitochondrial cytochrome
oxidase. Exposures to carbon monoxide may
cause significant damage to the heart andcentral
nervous system, especially to the globus pallidus,
[8]
 often with long-term sequelae. Carbon
monoxide may have severe adverse effects on
the fetus of a pregnant woman.
OCCURENCE : Carbon monoxide occurs in various
natural and artificial environments. Typical
concentrations in parts per million are as follows:
Concentration Source
0.1 ppm Natural atmosphere
level (MOPITT)[13]

0.5 to 5 ppm Average level in homes

[14]

Near properly adjusted

5 to 15 ppm gas stoves in homes[15

100 to 200 ppm Exhaust from

automobiles in the
Mexico City central area[

5,000 ppm Exhaust from a home

wood fire[17]
7,000 ppm Undiluted warm car
exhaust without a 
catalytic converter
ATMOSPHERIC PRESENCE :
Carbon monoxide is present in small amounts in the
atmosphere, chiefly as a product of volcanic activity but
also from natural and man-made fires (such as forest
 and bushfires, burning of crop residues, and sugarcane
 fire-cleaning). The burning of fossil fuels also contributes
to carbon monoxide production. Carbon monoxide
occurs dissolved in molten volcanic rock at high pressures
 in the Earth's mantle. Because natural sources of carbon
monoxide are so variable from year to year, it is
extremely difficult to accurately measure natural
emissions of the gas.
Carbon monoxide has an indirect radiative forcing effect
by elevating of methane and tropospheric ozone through
chemical reactions with other atmospheric constituents
(e.g., the hydroxyl radical, OH.) that would otherwise
destroy them.Through natural processes in the
atmosphere, it is eventually oxidized to carbon dioxide.
Carbon monoxide concentrations are both short-lived in
the atmosphere and spatially variable.
 POLLUTION
URBAN POLLUTION :
Carbon monoxide is a major atmospheric pollutant in
some urban areas, chiefly from the exhaust of internal
combustion engines (including vehicles, portable and
back-up generators, lawn mowers, power washers,
etc.), but also from improper burning of various other
fuels (including wood, coal, charcoal, oil, paraffin,
propane, natural gas, and trash). Along with aldehydes
, it reacts photochemically to produce peroxy radicals.
Peroxy radicals react with nitrogen oxide to increase
the ratio of NO2 to NO, which reduces the quantity of
NO that is available to react with ozone.
 
 PRODUCTION
Many methods have been developed for carbon
monoxide's production.

• LABORATORY PRODUCTION : Carbon monoxide is

conveniently produced in the laboratory by the
dehydration of formic acid, for example with 
sulfuric acid. Another method is heating an intimate
mixture of powderedzinc metal and calcium carbonate,
which releases CO and leaves behind zinc oxide and 
calcium oxide:

Zn + CaCO3 → ZnO + CaO + CO

• INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION : A major industrial

source of CO is producer gas, a mixture containing
mostly carbon monoxide and nitrogen, formed by
combustion of carbon in air at high temperature when
there is an excess of carbon. In an oven, air is passed
through a bed of coke.  The initially produced
CO2 equilibrates with the remaining hot carbon to give
CO. The reaction of O2 with carbon to give CO is
described as the Boudouard equilibrium. Above 800 °C,
CO is the predominant product:
 O2 + 2 C → 2 CO (ΔH = −221 kJ/mol)

Another source is "water gas", a mixture of hydrogen and

carbon monoxide produced via the endothermic
reaction of steam and carbon:

H2O + C → H2 + CO (ΔH = +131 kJ/mol)

• Other similar "synthesis gases" can be obtained from 

natural gas and other fuels.
• Carbon monoxide is also is a byproduct of the
reduction of metal oxide ores with carbon, shown in a
simplified form as follows:
• MO + C → M + COSince CO is a gas, the reduction
process can be driven by heating, exploiting the
positive (favorable) entropy of reaction. The 
Ellingham diagram shows that CO formation is favored
over CO2 in high temperatures.
 CO ORDINATE CHEMISTRY
Most metals form coordination complexes
 containing covalently attached carbon
monoxide. Only metals in lower oxidation states
will complex with carbon monoxide ligands. This
is because there must be sufficient electron
density to facilitate back donation from the
metal dxz-orbital, to the π* molecular orbital
from CO. The lone pair on the carbon atom in
CO, also donates electron density to the d x²−y² on
the metal to form a sigma bond. In 
nickel carbonyl, Ni(CO)4forms by the direct
combination of carbon monoxide and nickel
 metal at room temperature. For this reason,
nickel in any tubing or part must not come into
prolonged contact with carbon monoxide
(corrosion). Nickel carbonyl decomposes readily
back to Ni and CO upon contact with hot
surfaces, and this method was once used for the
industrial purification of nickel in the Mond
process.
• In nickel carbonyl and other carbonyls,
the electron pair on the carbon
interacts with the metal; the carbon
monoxide donates the electron pair to
the metal. In these situations, carbon
monoxide is called the carbonyl ligand.
One of the most important metal
carbonyls is iron pentacarbonyl,
Fe(CO)5:
 
 USES
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
• Carbon monoxide is an industrial gas that has
many applications in bulk chemicals
manufacturing.[29]
• Large quantities of aldehydes are produced by
the hydroformylation reaction of alkenes, carbon
monoxide, and H2. Hydroformylation is coupled
to the Shell Higher Olefin Process to give
precursors to detergents. Methanol is produced
by the hydrogenation of carbon monoxide. In a
related reaction, the hydrogenation of carbon
monoxide is coupled to C-C bond formation, as in
the Fischer-Tropsch process where carbon
monoxide is hydrogenated to liquid hydrocarbon
fuels. This technology allows coal or biomass to
be converted to diesel.
• In the Monsanto process, carbon monoxide and 
methanol react in the presence of a
homogeneous rhodium catalyst and hydroiodic
acid to give acetic acid. This process is
responsible for most of the industrial production
of acetic acid.
 MEAT COLORING:
• Carbon monoxide is used in modified atmosphere
 packaging systems in the US, mainly with fresh
meat products such as beef, pork, and fish to keep
them looking fresh. The carbon monoxide
combines with myoglobin to form
carboxymyoglobin, a bright cherry red pigment.
Carboxymyoglobin is more stable than the
oxygenated form of myoglobin, oxymyoglobin,
which can become oxidized to the brown
pigment, metmyoglobin. This stable red color can
persist much longer than in normally packaged
meat.

• Typical levels of carbon monoxide used in the

facilities that use this process are between 0.4%
to 0.5%. The technology was first given "
generally recognized as safe" (GRAS) status by the 
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2002
for use as a secondary packaging system, and
does not require labeling. In 2004 the FDA
approved CO as primary packaging method,
declaring that CO does not mask spoilage odor. [31]
 Despite this ruling, the process remains
controversial for fears that it masks spoilage.
 MEDICINE:
• Studies involving carbon monoxide have
been conducted throughout the world for its
anti-inflamatory and cytoprotective
properties. These properties can be used to
prevent the development of a series of
pathologic conditions including ischemia
reperfusion injury, transplant rejection,
atherosclerosis, sepsis, severe malaria or
autoimmunity. Clinical tests involving humans
have been performed, however the results
for the experiments have not yet been
released..