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Types of OS

The document discusses different types of operating systems including: 1) Multiprogramming batch systems that allow multiple jobs to run concurrently by switching between them during I/O waits. 2) Simple batch systems where jobs are submitted without interaction and run sequentially by a monitor program. 3) Multiprocessor systems that use multiple CPUs working in parallel under a single OS. 4) Distributed systems that connect multiple independent systems over a network to share resources.

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Mahak Sachdeva
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80 views

Types of OS

The document discusses different types of operating systems including: 1) Multiprogramming batch systems that allow multiple jobs to run concurrently by switching between them during I/O waits. 2) Simple batch systems where jobs are submitted without interaction and run sequentially by a monitor program. 3) Multiprocessor systems that use multiple CPUs working in parallel under a single OS. 4) Distributed systems that connect multiple independent systems over a network to share resources.

Uploaded by

Mahak Sachdeva
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TYPES OF

OPERATING SYSTEMS
OPERATING SYSTEM
 An operating system (OS) is the program that, after being initially loaded into the
computer by a boot program, manages all of the other application programs in a
computer. The application programs make use of the operating system by making
requests for services through a defined application program interface (API). In addition,
users can interact directly with the operating system through a user interface such as a
command line or a graphical user interface (GUI).
 For example- Mac Os, Linux,Unix,Windows.
EXAMPLES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS
Advantages and disadvantages of operating systems

Advantages :
Disadvantages :
Allocating memory is easy and cheap
Any free page is ok, OS can take first one Longer memory access times (page table
out of list it keeps lookup)
Eliminates external fragmentation Can be improved using TLB
Data (page frames) can be scattered all Guarded page tables
Inverted page tables
over PM Memory requirements (one entry per VM page)
Pages are mapped appropriately anyway Improve using Multilevel page tables and
Allows demand paging and prepaging variable page sizes (super-pages)
More efficient swapping Guarded page tables
Page Table Length Register (PTLR) to limit
No need for considerations about
virtual memory size
fragmentation Internal fragmentation
Just swap out page least likely to be used
TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS

SIMPLE BATCH MULTIPROGRAMMIN MULTIPROCESSOR


DESKTOP SYSTEM
SYSTEM G BATCH SYSTEM SYSTEM

DISTRIBUTED REAL TIME HANDHELD


CLUSTERED SYSTEM
OPERATING SYSTEM OPERATING SYSTEM SYSTEM
MULTIPROGRAMMING BATCH SYSTEM
In this the operating system picks up and begins to execute one of the jobs
from memory.
Once this job needs an I/O operation operating system switches to another job
(CPU and OS always busy).
Jobs in the memory are always less than the number of jobs on disk(Job Pool).
If several jobs are ready to run at the same time, then the system chooses
which one to run through the process of CPU Scheduling.
In Non-multiprogrammed system, there are moments when CPU sits idle and
does not do any work.
In Multiprogramming system, CPU will never be idle and keeps on processing.
SIMPLE BATCH SYSTEM

In this type of system, there is no


 direct interaction between user and the
computer.
The user has to submit a job (written on cards or tape) to a computer operator

Then computer operator places a batch of several jobs on an input device.

Jobs are batched together by type of languages and requirement.

Then a special program, the monitor, manages the execution of each program in the batch.

The monitor is always in the main memory and available for execution.

Advantages of Simple Batch Systems


No interaction between user and computer.

No mechanism to prioritise the processes.

MULTIPROCESSOR SYSTEMS

A Multiprocessor system consists of several processors that share a common physical



memory. Multiprocessor system provides higher computing power and speed. In
multiprocessor system all processors operate under single operating system. Multiplicity of
the processors and how they do act together are transparent to the others.

Advantages of Multiprocessor Systems
Enhanced performance

Execution of several tasks by different processors concurrently, increases the system's

throughput without speeding up the execution of a single task.
If possible, system divides task into many subtasks and then these subtasks can be executed

in parallel in different processors. Thereby speeding up the execution of single tasks.
DISTRIBUTED OPERATING SYSTEMS

The motivation behind developing distributed operating systems is the availability of



powerful and inexpensive microprocessors and advances in communication technology.
These advancements in technology have made it possible to design and develop

distributed systems comprising of many computers that are inter connected by
communication networks. The main benefit of distributed systems is its low
price/performance ratio.

Advantages Distributed Operating System
As there are multiple systems involved, user at one site can utilize the resources of

systems at other sites for resource-intensive tasks.
Fast processing.

Less load on the Host Machine.

CLUSTERED SYSTEMS
Like parallel systems, clustered systems gather together multiple CPUs to accomplish
computational work.
Clustered systems differ from parallel systems, however, in that they are composed of
two or more individual systems coupled together.
The definition of the term clustered is not concrete; the general accepted definition
is that clustered computers share storage and are closely linked via LAN networking.
Clustering is usually performed to provide high availability.
A layer of cluster software runs on the cluster nodes. Each node can monitor one or
more of the others. If the monitored machine fails, the monitoring machine can take
ownership of its storage, and restart the application(s) that were running on the failed
machine. The failed machine can remain down, but the users and clients of the
application would only see a brief interruption of service.
DESKTOP SYSTEMS

Earlier, CPUs and PCs lacked the features needed to protect an operating system from user
programs. PC operating systems therefore were neither multiuser nor multitasking. However,
the goals of these operating systems have changed with time; instead of maximizing CPU and
peripheral utilization, the systems opt for maximizing user convenience and responsiveness.
These systems are called Desktop Systems and include PCs running Microsoft
Windows and the Apple Macintosh. Operating systems for these computers have benefited in
several ways from the development of operating systems for mainframes.
Microcomputers were immediately able to adopt some of the technology developed for larger
operating systems. On the other hand, the hardware costs for microcomputers are
sufficiently low that individuals have sole use of the computer, and CPU utilization is no longer a
prime concern. Thus, some of the design decisions made in operating systems for mainframes
may not be appropriate for smaller systems.
REALTIME OPERATING SYSTEM

It is defined as an operating system known to give maximum time for


each of the critical operations that it performs, like OS calls and interrupt
handling.
The Real-Time Operating system which guarantees the maximum time
for critical operations and complete them on time are referred to
as Hard Real-Time Operating Systems.
While the real-time operating systems that can only guarantee a
maximum of the time, i.e. the critical task will get priority over other
tasks, but no assurity of completeing it in a defined time. These systems
are referred to as Soft Real-Time Operating Systems.
HANDHELD SYSTEMS

Handheld systems include Personal Digital Assistants(PDAs), such as Palm-


Pilots or Cellular Telephones with connectivity to a network such as the Internet. They
are usually of limited size due to which most handheld devices have a small amount of
memory, include slow processors, and feature small display screens.
Many handheld devices have between 512 KB and 8 MB of memory. As a result, the
operating system and applications must manage memory efficiently. This includes
returning all allocated memory back to the memory manager once the memory is no
longer being used.
Currently, many handheld devices do not use virtual memory techniques, thus forcing
program developers to work within the confines of limited physical memory.
Processors for most handheld devices often run at a fraction of the speed of a processor
in a PC. Faster processors require more power. To include a faster processor in a
handheld device would require a larger battery that would have to be replaced more
frequently.

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