Chapter 7
Chapter 7
Eq. 7-1
Eq. 7-2
Where:
ᶹ = mean velocity
D = pipe diameter in meter
v = kinematic viscosity of the fluid in m²/s
= absolute or dynamic viscosity in Pa-s
Eq. 7-3
Eq. 7-4
VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION IN PIPES
Laminar Flow – the velocity distribution for
laminar flow, at a cross section follows a
parabolic law of variation with zero velocity
at the walls. In circular pipes, the velocity
varies as the ordinates of a paraboloid of
revolution with its average velocity equal to
one-half of its maximum velocity.
The equation for the velocity profile for
laminar flow is given by:
Eq. 7-5
Eq. 7-6
The velocity at any distance r from the center
of the pipe may also be computed using the
squared property of parabola
Eq. 7-7
hL = head lost in the pipe ɥ = absolute viscosity of the liquid
Eq. 7-8
Eq. 7-9
Eq. 7-10
The centerline or maximum velocity is given
by:
Eq. 7-11
Eq. 7-12
Where:
to = maximum shearing stress in the pipe
f = friction factor
v = mean velocity
Eq. 7-13
Multiply and divide this equation by unit
weight,
Eq. 7-14
It is seen from this equation that the
shearing stress at the center of the pipe is
zero and varies linearly with x. The maximum
shearing stress is at the pipe wall (at x = r).
Eq. 7-15
Eq. 7-16
Eq. 7-17
HEAD LOSSES IN PIPE FLOW
It may be classified into two; the Major head
loss, which is caused by pipe friction along
straight sections of pipe of uniform diameter
and uniform roughness, and Minor head loss,
which are caused by changes in velocity or
directions of flow, and are commonly express
in terms of kinetic energy.
MAJOR HEAD LOSS, HF
A. Darcy-Weisbach Formula (pipe-frition
equation)
Eq. 7-18
Where:
ʄ = Friction factor
L = Length of pipe in meter or feet
D = pipe diameter in meter of feet
ѵ = mean or average velocity or flow in m/s or ft/s
For non-circular pipes, use D = 4R, where R is
the hydraulic radius defined in eq. 7-4
Eq. 7-19
Eq. 7-20
Eq. 7-21
Eq. 7-22
Eq. 7-23
Eq. 7-31
Eq. 7-32
Where:
n = roughness coefficient
R = hydraulic radius
S = slope of the energy grade line = h f /l
Eq. 7-33
Eq. 7-34
C. Hazen Williams Formula
Widely used in waterworks industry. This
formula is applicable only to the flow of water
in pipes larger than 50mm (2 in.) and velocities
less than 3 m/s. This formula is designed for
flow in both pipes and open channels but is
more commonly used in pipes.
English Units:
Eq. 7-35
Eq. 7-36
S.I. Units:
Eq. 7-37
Eq. 7-38
Eq. 7-39
Where:
C1 =Hazen Williams coefficient
D = Pipe diameter in
R = Hydraulic radius
MINOR HEAD LOSS
Are caused by the changes in direction or
velocity of flow. These changes may be due
to sudden contraction, sudden enlargement,
valves, bends, and any other pipe fittings.
These losses can usually be neglected if the
length of the pipeline is greater than 1500
times the pipe’s diameter. However, in short
pipelines, because these losses may exceed
the friction losses, minor losses must be
considered.
A. Sudden Enlargement
The head loss, m, across a sudden enlargement of pipe
diameter is:
Eq. 7-40
Where:
v1 = velocity before enlargement, m/s
v2 = velocity after enlargement, m/s
Another equation for the head loss caused by a sudden
enlargements was determined experimentally by Archer,
and given as:
Eq. 7-41
Eq. 7-42
C. Sudden Contraction
The head loss, m, across a sudden contraction
of a pipe is:
Eq. 7-43
Where:
kc= the coefficient of a sudden contraction
v = velocity in smaller pipe
Bends and Standard Fittings
The head loss that occurs in pipe fittings, such as
valves and elbows, and bends is given by:
Eq. 7-44
PIPE DISCHARGING FROM A
RESERVOIR
The figure shown below shows the conditions
of flow in a pipe of uniform diameter
discharging from a reservoir into an open air.
The velocity head and the pressure head in
the liquid surface of the reservoir are zero. If
there will be no head lost, the velocity head
could have been equal to H, which is the
distance between the water surface in the
tank and the exit end of the pipe and the
velocity of flow could have been , but such is
not the case due to losses.
For pipe with constant diameter, the difference between the
water levels in the piezometer tubes. If the pipe is
horizontal and with uniform size, the difference in pressure
head measures the head lost between the two points.
If the pipe is very large such that the velocity head is very
small, the total head lost HL can be taken as equal to H.
PIPE CONNECTING TWO RESERVOIR
When one or more pipes connects two
reservoirs as in the figure shown, the total
head lost in all the pipes is equal to the
difference in elevation of the liquid surfaces
of the reservoir.
Eq. 7-45
PIPES CONNECTED IN SERIES
For pipes of different diameters connected in
series as shown in the figure below, the
discharge in all pipes are all equal and the
total head lost is equal to the sum of the
individual head losses.
Eq. 7-46
Eq. 7-47
If the pipe length in any problem is about 500
diameters, the error resulting from
neglecting minor losses will ordinarily not
exceed 5%, and if the pipe length is 1000
diameters or more, the effect of minor losses
can usually be considered negligible.
Neglecting minor losses, the head lost
becomes:
Eq. 7-48
Eq. 7-49
Eq. 7-50
In the pipe system shown, pipe 1 draws
water from reservoir A and leads to junction
C which divides the flow to pipes 2 and 3,
which join again in junction D and flows
through pipe 4. The sum of the flow in pipes
2 and 3 equals the flow in pipes 1 and 4.
Since the drop in the energy grade line
between C and D is equal to the difference in
levels of piezometers a and b, then the head
lost in pipe 2 is therefore equal to the head
lost in pipe 3.
The necessary equations for the system are :
Q₁ = Q₄ Eq. (1)
Eq. (2)
Q₁ = Q₂ + Q₃
Eq. (3)
hf₂ = hf₃
HLAB = hf₁ + hf₂ + hf₄ Eq. (4)
Qe = Qo Eq. 7-51
HLe = HLo Eq. 7-52
RESERVOIR PROBLEMS
In the figure shown below, the three pipes 1,
2, and 3 connects the three reservoirs A, B,
and C respectively and with all the pipes
meeting at a common junction D.
TYPES OF RESERVOIR PROBLEMS
Type 1: Given the discharge in one of the
pipes, or given the pressure at the junction P,
and the required is the elevation one of the
reservoirs or the diameter or length of the
one of the pipes, and
Simplify the equation and solve for x. We may also used trial-and-error
solution.
Once the x is determined, substitute its value to
equation (1), (2) and (3) to solve for Q1, Q2, and
Q3, respectively.
Eq. 7-55
Eq. 7-56
Eq. 7-57
SAMPLE
PROBLE
MS
Example #1 (7-13G). Water flows from a
tank through 160ft of 4in diameter pipe and
then discharges into air shown in the figure.
The flow of water in the pipe is 12cfs.
Assume n = 0.013 and neglect minor losses.
Determine the following:
(a)The velocity of flow in the pipe in fps
(b)The total head lost in the pipe in ft
(c)The pressure at the top of the tank in psi
Solution:
Q = 12ft3/s = 0.3401m3/s
D = 4” = 0.333ft = 101.6mm
n = 0.013
L = 160ft = 48.78m
(a)Velocity of flow in the pipe:
v = Q/A = 12/ (π/4)(0.333)2
v = 137. 785 ft/s
(b)Head lost in the pipe:
HL = 10.29n2LQ2
D16/3
HL = 10.29(0.013)2(48.78)(0.3401)2
(0.1016)16/3
HL = 1942.33m = 6370.86ft
(c)Pressure in the tank:
Ea – HL = Eb
Va2/2g + pa/γ + Za – HL = Vc2/2g + pc/γ + Zc
0 + pa/γ + 10 – 6370.86 = (137.785)2/2(32.2)
+ 0 + 100
pa/γ = 6755.65 feet of water
p = 421,522.8 psf
p = 2,927.45 psi
Solution:
hf = (fl/D)(v2/2g)
; hf = 5m
; L = 1000m
D = 4R
R = A/P = A/(3x)
A = ½(x2)sin60 = 0.075
x = 0.416m
R = 0.07m/(3x0.416) = 0.06m
D = 4(0.06) = 0.24m
5 = 0.0155(1000) v2
0.24(2)(9.81)
V = 1.232m/s
[Q = Av]
Q = 0.075(1.232) = 0.0924m3/s
Q = 92.4 lit/sec
Example #3 (7-48G). A pipe network
consists of pipeline 1 from A to B, then at B it
is connected to pipelines 2 and 3, where it
merges again at Joint C to form a single
pipeline 4 up to point D. Pipelines 1,2 and 4
are in series connection whereas pipelines 2
and 3 are in parallel to each other. If the rate
of flow from A to B is 10lit/sec and assuming f
= 0.02 for all pipes, Determine the flow in
each pipe and the total head lost from A to D.
Solution:
Q1 = Q4 = 10L/s
Q1 = Q4 = 0.01m3/s
[hf = 0.0826fLQ2/D5]
hf1 = 0.0826(.02)(3000)(0.01)2/0.25 = 1.549m
hf2 = 0.0826(.02)(2200)(Q2)2/0.35 = 1495.64Q22
hf3 = 0.0826(.02)(3200)(Q3)2/0.25 =
16520.64Q32
hf4 = 0.0826(.02)(2800)(0.01)2/0.45 = 0.0452m
[hf2 = hf3]
1495.64Q22 = 16520.64Q32
Q2 = 3.323Q3 >>> Eq. 1
[Q2 + Q3 = 0.01]
3.323Q3 + 3.323Q3 = 0.01
Q3 = 0.00231 m3/s = 2.31L/s
Substitute Q3 to Eq. (1):
Q2 = 3.323(0.00231)
Q2 = 0.007687 m3/s
Q2 = 7.687 L/s
[HL = hf1 + hf2 + hf4]
HL = 1.549 + 1495.64(0.007687)2 + 0.0452
HL = 1.683 m
Example #4 (7-61G). The turbine shown is
located in the 350 mm-diameter line. If the
turbine efficiency is 90%, determine its
output power in kilowatts.
Solution:
Q3 = 0.23m3/s
hf3 = 0.0826(.02)(2440)(0.23)2/0.35 = 87.75 m
Elev. D’ = Elev. C + hf3 = 280 + 87.75
Elev. D’ = 367.75 m
hf2 = Elev. D’ - Elev. B = 367.75 – 330
hf2 = 37.75 m
hf2 = 0.0826(.024)(610)(Q2)2/0.155 = 37.75
Q2 = 0.0487 m3/s
At Junction D:
[Inflow = Outflow]
Q1 = Q2 + Q3
Q1 = 0.0487 + 0.23
Q1 = 0.2787 m3/s
hf1 = 0.0826(.018)(1220)(0.2787)2/0.355 =
26.825 m
hf1 + HE = Elev. A – Elev. D’
26.825 + He = 400 – 367.75
HE = 5.425
Elevation of Reservoir C:
hf3 = 0.0826(.018)(900)(0.911)2/0.55 = 35.54
Elev. C = 870.6 – 35.54
Elev. C = 835.06m