Dr P.

PRABHAKARA RAO
Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Kakatiya Institute of Technology & Science
1
CAD/CAM/CAE
COMPUTER AIDED DRAWING (CAD)
Computer Aided Drawing /Drafting is a
process of preparing a drawing of an
object on the screen of a computer.
There are various types of drawings required in different
fields of engineering and science.

In the field of mechanical engineering the drawing of

machine components and layouts are prepared.

In the field of civil engineering plans and layouts of

buildings are prepared.

In all other fields of engineering use of computer is

made for drawing and drafting.
 The use of CAD process provides
enhanced graphics capabilities which
allows any designer to

 Conceptualize his ideas

 Modify the design very easily

 Perform animation

 Make design calculations ,Use colures,fonts

and features other aesthetic
 In modern CAD systems, Interactive (two-way)
computer graphics (ICG) is used.

 The ICG denotes a user oriented system in which

the computer is employed to create, transform and
display data in the form of pictures or symbols.

 The image is constructed out of basic geometric

element
– points, lines circles etc.

 It can be modified according to the demand of the

designer enlarged, reduced in size, moved to another
location on screen ,rotated and other transformations
also can be performed.
 BENEFITS OF CAD
 Improved productivity in drafting.
 Shorter preparation time for drawing.
 Reduced manpower requirements.
 Customer modifications in drawing are easier.
 More efficient operation in drafting.
 Low wastage in drawing.
 Minimized transcription errors in drawing.
 Improved accuracy of drawing.
 Assistance in preparation of documentation
 Better designs can be evolved.

Cont….
BENEFITS OF CAD
 Revisions are possible.
 Colures can be used to customize the product.
 Production of orthographic projections with
dimensions and tolerances.
 Hatching of all sections with different filling patterns.
 Preparation of assembly or sub-assembly drawings.
 Preparation of part list.
 Machining and tolerance symbols at the required
surfaces.
 Hydraulic and pneumatic circuit diagrams with
symbols.
 Isometric views.
 LIMITATIONS OF CAD
 It require large amount of computer memory.

 The size of the software package is large.

 Skill and judgment are required to

prepare the drawing.

 Huge investment.
 CAD SOFTWARES
The CAD software is an interpreter or
which allows the user to
translator
perform specific type of application or job
related to CAD.
Following are the various type of
software used for drafting:
Auto-CAD
Pro-E
IDEAS
CATIA
Fluent
Hyper mesh
Abacus
Transys
 AutoCAD
 AutoCAD package is suitable for accurate and prefect
drawing of engineering designs.

 The drawing of machine parts, isometric

views and assembly drawings are possible in Auto-CAD.

 This package is suitable for 2 D & 3 D drawings.

 The Auto-CAD is used by the designers, painters, Civil,
Mechanical, Electrical, Electronics, Civil engineers in their
field.

 Line, curves, text and filling point are the essential

elements used for preparation of any drawing on the
screen.

 Computer aided drafting is done by the operators by

placing the mouse pointer at the desired location and
then executing the command to draw the graphic
elements using different methods.
 AutoCAD package utilize four areas on the
screen:
(I) Drawing area, (II) Command area, (III) Menu area, (IV)
Tool boxes.

Auto-CAD 2001 Drawing1.dwg

Menu area File Edit View Insert Format Tools

Tool Boxes

Command Area

Fig 1.1
 Drawing area: To provide space to prepare a drawing.

 Command area:To allow the entry of various

commands for preparing the drawings.

 Menu area:It consists number of dialog boxes

which can be utilized for preparing the drawings.

 Tool boxes:To allow selection of various

options for the wing.
 The drawing is prepared in the drawing area by sequence
of individual commands supplied in command area or
selection in menu in windows.

The Auto-CAD drawing area provides cross hairs, which are

the two lines at right angles and the crossing point is a point of
selection.
The cross hairs are connected to mouse and the crossing point
can be scrolled up-down and right-left.
The operation of drawing can either be performed by menus
operated by mouse or by using commands.
 There are different types of menus used in Auto-
CAD package:
(I) Window menus (II) Pull-down menus
(III) Icon menus (IV) Dialog boxes
Title
bar

Window menu Auto-CAD 2001 Drawing1.dwg

Pop-up File Edit View Insert Format Tools

menu

Icon menu

Pull down
menu

Edit Copy
Cut Save as
Paste Dialog box

Command :

Fig 1.2
The major functions performed by CAD system are:
Basic setup of drawing
Drawing of objects using various elements
Changing of properties of object
Transformations on object
Text
Dimensioning
Filling of objects with different patterns
Creating libraries

The drawing area of Auto-CAD is designated by x and y

co-ordinates measured in terms of decimal values.
The screen area can be reduced or enlarged by use of
the „Zoom‟ tool and the display of drawing can be
reduced or enlarged on the screen.
Auto-CAD provides two drawing environment for
creating laying out your drawing:

(I)Model space
(II)Paper space

Auto-CAD usually allows creating drawing, called a

model, in full scale in an area known as model space
without regard to the final layout or size when the
drawing is plotted on paper.

When the printing is carried out, it is possible to

arrange the elements of drawing on “sheet of paper “in
paper space. Conceptually, paper space represents the
paper on which the drawing is to be plotted.
 UTILITY COMMANDS
The utility commands are those commands which
control the basic functions of AutoCAD.
HELP: Lists all the Auto-CAD commands.
END: Returns to the main menu and updates (saves) the drawings file.
QUIT: Returns to the main menu without updating the drawing file.
SAVE: Saves the current drawing and remains in the
drawing editor screen for further editing.
LIMITS: Allows changing the upper and lower limits of the drawing area
while working on a drawing.

For example to set the screen for A3 size (420x297),

following steps are to be carried out:
Command: limits
ON/OFF/ lower left corner 0.000, 0.000 or current : Upper right
corner 12.000, 9.000 : 420,297
This will set the drawing screen of A3 size.
Note: Sign shows “press enter”.
GRIDS: It displays a dot grid in the current view port.
Command: grid
Grid spacing (x) or ON/OFF/Snap/Aspect/<current>: specify
a value or enter an option.
Snap- Sets the grid spacing to the current snap interval as
set
by the snap command.
Aspect- Sets the grid to a different spacing in x & y. SNAP:
It restricts cursor movement to specified intervals.
Command: snap
Snap spacing or ON/OFF/Aspect/Rotate/Style/<current>:
specify a distance, enter an option or press enter.
Spacing- Activates snap mode with the value you specify.
Rotate- Sets the rotation of the snap grid.
Style- format of the snap grid, standard or isometric.
ORTHO: Constrains cursor movement to the
horizontal or vertical.
OSNAP: Allows to select specify points on an object.
e.g. endpoints, midpoints, intersection etc.
POLAR: Allows cursor movement to the horizontal or
vertical.
DRAW/BASIC COMMANDS OF AutoCAD
(Drawing Entities)
POINT
Plot a point at the location (8, 6) (8,6)

Command: point
Point: 8, 6 (0,
)
0
LINE
Lines can be drawn by any one of the
following three methods using LINE
command.
(10, 10)

(a) Using Absolute Co-ordinates:

Drawing a line from point (5, 5) to point (10,
10). Command: Line
From point: 5, 5(select the point by mouse or
Enter the Co-ordinates by (5, 5)

keyboard) To Point: 10, 10

To Point:
(b) Using Relative Co-ordinates
Draw a line from point (2, 2) to point 5 units
in X-axis and 8 units in Y-axis relative to (7, 10)

first co-ordinate.
Command: Line
From point: 2, 2 (2, 2)

To point: @ 5, 8 To point:

(c) Using Polar Co-ordinates

Draw a line from point (1, 2) to a length of 6 units (1,

at 90 degree. )
8

Command: Line From point: 1, 2

To point:@6 90 To point:
(1, 2)
PLINE
A polyline is a connected sequence of line and arc segments.
Draw a thick line of width 2 units from (8, 4) to (6, 7) using
pline command.
Command: pline From point: 8, 4

Arc/close/Half width/length/undo/width/ Endpoint of line :

width
Width: 2
Next point: 6, 7
Next point:
A box drawn by using pline will act as one object instead of
four discrete lines.
RECTANGLE
Draw a rectangle defined by diagonal (30,
20)
points
(10, 10) and (30, 20).
Command: Rectang First Corner: 10, 10 (10, 10)

Second Corner: 30, 20

CIRCLE

Circle can be drawn by any one of following five

methods using circle command.

(a)Using Centre and Radius:

Draw a circle with centre (6, 6) and radius 5 units.

Command: circle
3P/2P/TTR/ centre point : 6, 6
Diameter/ radius : 5

(b)Using Centre and diameter:

Draw a circle with centre (6, 17) and diameter 10 units.

Command: circle
3p/2p/TTR/ centre point : 6, 17
Diameter/ radius : D Diameter: 10
(c) Using given three points: (3P)

Draw a circle with using given three points (5, 30),

(7, 26), (10, 25).

Command: circle
3P/2P/TTR/ centre point :3P
First point: (5, 30)
(5, 30
Second point: (7, 26) )
(7,
Third point: (10, 25) 26
) (10, 2
5)

(d) Using given two points: (2P)

Draw a circle with using given two points (7, 35) &
(7, 47).
(7,
47)
Command: circle
3P/2P/TTR/ centre point : 2 P First point
on diameter: (7, 35)
(7,
Second point on diameter: (7, 47) 35)
(e) Using Tangent, Tangent and
Radius (TTR):
Draw a circle with radius 2 units and two
existing line as tangents.
Line 1
Take:
For line 1: (16, 4) to point (19, 9)
For line 2: (20, 2) to point (21, 7)
Command: circle
3P/2P/TTR/ centre point : TTR Line 2

Enter Tangent spec: line 1 (pick up

using mouse)
Enter Tangent spec: line 2 (pick up
using mouse)
Radius: 2
(“Spec” means specifications)
ELLIPSE:

ELLIPSE can be drawn by any one of

following two methods using ellipse
command.

(a) Using first axis end points and

other axis distance:

Draw an ellipse using major axis end point

.

(10, 20) (65, 20) and minor axis end

point
(35, 35).
Command: ellipse
<Axis end point 1>/ Centre: 10, 20 Axis
end point 2: 65, 20
<Other axis distance>/ Rotation: 35, 35
(b) Using Centre of ellipse axis, end point
and other axis distance:

Draw an ellipse using with centre (100, 20),

major axis end point (125, 20) and minor axis
end point (100, 35).

Command: ellipse
<Axis end point 1>/ Centre: C Centre of ellipse:
100, 20
Axis end point 2: 125, 20
<Other axis distance>/ Rotation: 100, 35

Note: Also the ellipse can be drawn by using arc,

Isocircle, rotation & perimeter options
ARC

Arcs are partial circles and can be drawn in eight different

methods
using ARC command. Some of them are follows:
(a)Using three given points
Draw an arc using the given three points: (75, 50), (55, 90),
(105,110).
Command: arc
Centre/<Start point>: 75, 50
Centre/end/<Second point>: 55, 90
End point: 105,110
(b)Using Start points, centre and end point (SCE)
Draw an arc using start point (240, 20), centre point (250, 60)
and end point (250,100).
Command: arc
Centre/<Start point>: 240, 20 Centre/end/<Second point>: C
Centre point: 250, 60
Angle/length of chord/<end point>: 250,100
(c)Using Start points, centre and length of chord
(SCL)
Draw an arc using start point (140, 10), centre point
(100, 10) and chord length 45 units.
Command: arc
Centre/<Start point>: 140, 10 Centre/end/<Second
point>: C Centre point: 100, 10
Angle/length of chord/<end point>: L Length of chord:
45
(d)Using Start points, end point and Radius (SER)

Draw an arc using Start points (230, 80), end point

(190, 80) and radius 22 units.
Command: arc
Centre/<Start point>: 230, 80 Centre/end/<end
point>: E End point: 190, 80
Angle/Direction/Radius/<centre point>: R
Radius: 22
Polygon
The polygon command draws regular polygons with
3 to 1024 sides. Any polygon can be drawn by
following three method using polygon commands.
(a) Using radius of given circle in which
polygon is inscribed:
Draw a polygon of eight sides with centre (50, 50)
inscribed in a circle of radius 40 units. Command:
polygon
Number of sides: 8
Edge/<centre of polygon>: 50, 50
Inscribed in circle/circum-scribed about circle
(I/C): I
Radius of circle: 40
(b) Using radius of given circle in which polygon is
circumscribed:
Draw a polygon of eight sides with centre (140, 50)
circumscribed in a circle of radius 40 units.
Command: polygon Number of sides: 8
Edge/<centre of polygon>: 50, 50
Inscribed in circle/circle-scribed about circle (I/C): C Radius of
circle: 40
(C) Using Edge method
Draw a polygon of ten sides using “Edge method”. The first end
point of the edge is (90,100) and Second end of the edge is
(120,100).
Command: polygon
Number of sides: 10 Edge/<centre of polygon>: E First end
point of edge: 90,100
Second end point of edge: 120,100
EDIT COMMANDS AND OTHER ADDITIONAL COMMANDS
These commands are used to edit or modify the drawing.
1)ERASE- This command removes objects from a drawing.
Command: erase
Select objects: click on objects
2)MOVE: This command displaces objects to a specified
distance in a specified direction.
Command: move
Select objects: click on objects
Base point or displacement: specify a base point Second point
or displacement: specify a point or
3)COPY: - This command is similar to move command, but it
places copies of the related object at the specified
displacements.

Command: copy
Select objects: click on objects
<Base point or displacement>/multiple: specify a point for a
single copy or enter m for multiple copies
<Second point of displacement>: specify a point or P (For
placement multiple copies)

4)ROTATE: - This command moves object about a base point.

Command: rotate
Select objects: click on objects Base point: specify a point
<Rotation angle>/Reference: Specify an angle or enter or
specify a point
5) MIRROR: - This command creates a mirror image of objects.
Command: mirror
Select objects: click on objects
First point of mirror line: Specify a point Second point: Specify a point
Delete old objects? <N>: Enter Y or N, or
6) SCALE: This command enlarges or reduces selected objects
equally in X, Y, Z direction.
Command: Scale
Select objects: click on objects Base point: specify a point
< Scale factor>/ Reference: specify a scale or enter R.
Scale factor>1 – Enlarges the objects. Scale factor<1 – Shrinks the
objects. Reference length<1>: specify a distance or New length:
specify a distance
If the new length is longer than the reference length, the objects are
enlarged.
7)ARRAY: This command creates multiple copies of objects in
pattern.
Command: array
Rectangular or polar array (R/P) <current>: enter an option or
Option:
I)RECTANGULAR: – Creates an array defined by a number of rows
and columns of copies of selected objects.
II)POLAR - Creates an array defined by specifying a center point
about which the selected object is replicated. (Angle: + = CCW. -CW)
8) BREAK: - This command creates part of objects or splits on object
into two.
Command: break
Select objects: click on objects or specify the first break point on an
object
Enter second point (or F for first point): Specify the second break
point or enter F
9)TRIM: - This command trims objects at a cutting edge defined by
other objects.

Command: trim
Select cutting edges: Click on cutting edges (lines) Select edges: Click
on object to be trimmed.
<Select object to trim>/project/ edge/undo: select an object, enter an
option or

10)DIMENSIONING
The dimensions are inserted in the drawing by use of Dim command.
There are various types of dimensions used their AutoCAD.

(I) Linear Dimensions: Horizontal, Vertical, aligned (for inclined

dimensions), Rotated (for inclined dimensions).
(II) Angular dimensions: For angular dimensioning of objects.
(III) Radial dimensions: For radial dimensioning of arc or circle.
(IV)Diametral dimensions: For diametral dimensioning of circle.
(V) Ordinate dimensions: For ordinate dimensioning of objects.
For dimensioning of objects, the first point and second point has to be
specified. The dimension text must be written and then the position
of dimension must be specified.
(I) Linear Dimensioning
Command: Dim
Dim (HOR/VER/ALIGNED/ROT): HOR
First extension line origin: (select corner P using cursor)
Second extension line origin (Text/angle): (select corner Q)
Dimension line location (Text/Angle): (select the position of dim. Line
using cursor)
Dimension text: 8 Dim: Exit Command: Dim Dim: ROT
Dimension line angle <0>:115
(Note- 00 for horizontal & 900 for vertical dimensions)
First extension line origin: (select the point)
Second extension line origin: (select the point)
Dimension line location < text/angle>: (select the location)
Dimension text<5.5>:
(II) Angular dimensioning:
Command: Dim Dim: Angular
Select First line: (Pick point 1)
Select Second line: (Pick point 2)
Dimensions are line location (text/angle): (Pick point 3)
Dimension text: 45
Enter text location: (pick a location for dimension text)
Command: Dim
Dim: Leader
Leader start (specify starting point, A)
To Point: (specify the end point, B) To Point: (specify
the next point, C) Dimension text: R6
(III) Dimetral Dimensioning

Dim: Dia
Select arc or circle: (pick point P)
Dimension text: %%C8(% % C for symbol)
Enter leader length for text: (pick Q and then R
and press enter)

(IV) Radius Dimensioning

Dim: Radius
Select arc or circles :( pick point P) Dimension
Text: R5
11) Text
This command creates text on the drawing with a variety of character
patterns or fonts. These fonts can be stretched, compressed, oblique,
mirrored or aligned in a vertical column by applying a style to the font.
Command: Text
Justify/style/<start point>: specify a point or enter an option The start point
is the default.
12) Layer
A layer is like an overlay that allows us to separate different types of
information. AutoCAD allows an unlimited number of layers on new
drawings the default layer is 0.
This command creates new layer, selects the current layer, sets the color and
line type for designated layers, turns layers on and off, locks or unlocks
layer, freezes or throws layers and lists defined layers.
Command: layer
?/make/set/new/on/off/color/Ltype/Freeze/Thaw/lock/unlock: enter an
option.
Problem:
Draw the figure of Bracket and Open
Bearing using AutoCAD.
Solution:
To draw Bracket Command: line
2.5 2.5
From point: 11, 3 To point: @
47.5<0 To point: @ 2.5, 2.5 To
point: @ 10<90
To point: @ 17.5<180 To point:
@10<90 17.
To point: @ 17.5<0 To point: 5

@10<90 To point: @ -2.5, 2.5

To point: @ 47.5<180 To point: @
-2.5, - 2.5 To point: @30<270
(11,3) 47.
To point: @ 2.5, -2.5 To point: 5

BRACKET
To draw the Open Bearing
Command: line
From point: 10, 10 To point: @180<0
To point: @20<90 To point: @45<180
To point: @55<90 To point: @15<180 15
To point: @25<270 To point:
Command: arc
Centre/<start point>: 130, 60
Centre/end/<second point>: E End
point: 70, 60 45
Angle/direction/radius/<centre point>: A
Included Angle:-180 Command: line
From point: 70, 60 To point: @25<90 (10,10) 180

To point: @15<180 To point: @55<270

To point: @45<180 To point: OPEN BEARING
@20<270 To point:
THANK YOU