TRANSMISSION LINE

PROTECTION

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 TUTORIAL SCOPE

1. FUNDAMENTALS

2. CHARACTERISTICS

3. POLARIZATION

4. ZONES SETTING CRITERIA

5. MHO VS QUADRILATERAL

6. SWITCH ON TO FAULT

7. POWER SWING BLOCKING/TRIPPING

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 TUTORIAL SCOPE

8. LOAD ENCROACHMENT

9. LOSS OF POTENTIAL

10. UNIT PROTECTION

11. PERMISSIVE UNDER REACH

12. PERMISSIVE OVER REACH

13. CARRIER BLOCKING

14. CURRENT REVERSAL

15. ZONE 1 EXTENSION

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 TUTORIAL SCOPE

16. WEAK IN-FEED

17. SERIES COMPENSATION

18. MUTUAL COMPENSATION

19. AUTO RECLOSER

20. STUB PROTECTION

21. CCVT TRANSIENT

22. DIRECTIONAL EARTH FAULT

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MHO CHARACTERISTICS

MHO

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MHO CHARACTERISTICS

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QUADRILATERAL CHARACTERISTICS

Quadrilateral

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 OFFSET MHO CHARACTERISTICS

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December 8, 2021 Protection Courses 9
 POLARIZATION METHODS

 SELF POLARIZATION

 Terminal faults will not cover

 CROSS POLARIZATION

 Use other healthy phase voltages

 Terminal three phase fault will not cover

 MEMORY POLARIZATION

 Covers all type of faults

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POLARIZATION METHODS

VRB
VB
VBY
VR
VY
VYR

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 ZONES SETTING CRITERIA

S/Stn 1 S/Stn 2 S/Stn 3

Relay Relay Relay Relay

Time A B C D

Zone 2 Zone 3F
Zone 3R Zone 1

Zone 2 Zone 3R
Zone 1

Zone 3R Zone 2
Zone 1

Zone 3 Zone 3R
Zone 2 Zone 1

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ZONES SETTING CRITERIA

A B C
Zone 4
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3

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 SWITCH ON TO FAULT

 SWITCH ON TO FAULT.
 Failure to remove Earth Clamps after CB Maintenance
 Practically Zero Impedance in fault path.
 Fault Point is at the Origin - Boundary condition for Zones 1 & 2
 For a 3-Phase fault, cross-polarising will have no effect

SOTF Fault Point

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 SOTF ALGORITHMS

AC SOTF - Used where VT is on LINE SIDE of the CB

IF Current and Voltage have been Dead for 10 Secs
AND the Current Rises ABOVE 30% of Nominal
AND Voltage remains BELOW 20% of Nominal
THEN
Remove the Time Delay from Zone 3
AND
Allow tripping on Overcurrent only
FOR
200ms

DC SOTF - Used where VT is on BUSBAR SIDE of the CB

When Circuit Breaker Manual Close Handle is Operated
Remove the Time Delay from Zone 3
FOR 400ms
(Longer delay allows for CB Closing time)

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POWER SWING DETECTION & BLOCKING

Power Swing Outer

boundary
If the System Power Swing Inner
Impedance Zone 3 boundary
Remains in the
Power Swing Zone 2
Power
Detection Zone for
swing
longer than the Zone 1
locus
PSD Transit Time
(Nominally 50 ms) Transit
POWER SWING time
ALARM
will Operate

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POWER SWING DETECTION & BLOCKING

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LOAD ENCROACHMENT

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LOSS OF POTENTIAL

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 PERMISSIVE UNDER REACH
 Operation of Zone 1 sends signal to remote end
 Instantaneous trip if SIGNALLING CHANNEL
 Zone 1 Operation REQUIRED BETWEEN
ENDS
 Zone 2 + Signal from Remote end

S/Stn 1 S/Stn 2

Relay Relay Relay

A Signalling Channel B C

Zone 2
Time Carrier
Zone 2
Aided
Time Delayed Trip
Trip

Distance
Zone 1 (No Operation) Zone 2

Zone 1 Distance

 ALLOWS INSTANTANEOUS TRIPPING OVER 100% OF THE LINE LENGTH

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 PERMISSIVE OVER REACH
 Instantaneous Operation of Zone 2 sends signal to remote end
 Instantaneous trip if SIGNALLING CHANNEL
 Zone 1 Operation REQUIRED BETWEEN
ENDS
 Zone 2 + Signal from Remote end

S/Stn 1 S/Stn 2

Relay Relay Relay

A Signalling Channel B C

Zone 2
Time Carrier
Zone 2
Aided
Time Delayed Trip
Trip

Distance
Zone 1 (No Operation) Zone 2
Zone 2 Instantaneous
Zone 1
Distance

 ALLOWS INSTANTANEOUS TRIPPING OVER 100% OF THE LINE LENGTH

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 BLOCKING SCHEME

 Operation of Zone 4 sends blocking signal to remote end

 Instantaneous trip if SIGNALLING CHANNEL
REQUIRED BETWEEN
 Zone 1 Operation
ENDS
 Zone 2 + No blocking Signal from Remote end
 WITHIN the Permissive Trip Time
S/Stn 1 S/Stn 2

Relay Relay Relay

A Signalling Channel B C

Zone 2
Time Carrier
Aided
Trip

Distance
Zone 1 (No Operation) Zone 2

Zone 1 Zone 4 - Blocking Distance

 ALLOWS INSTANTANEOUS TRIPPING OVER 100% OF THE LINE LENGTH

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 BLOCKING SCHEME
 Operation of Zone 4 sends blocking signal to remote end
 Instantaneous trip if SIGNALLING CHANNEL
REQUIRED BETWEEN
 Zone 1 Operation
ENDS
 Zone 2 + NO BLOCKING SIGNAL from Remote End
 WITHIN the Permissive Trip Time
S/Stn 1 S/Stn 2

Relay Relay Relay

A Signalling Channel B C

Zone 2
Time Carrier
Aided
Trip

Distance
Zone 1 (No Operation) Zone 2

Zone 1 Distance
Zone 4 - Blocking
(No Operation)

 ALLOWS INSTANTANEOUS TRIPPING OVER 100% OF THE LINE LENGTH

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CURRENT REVERSAL

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CURRENT REVERSAL

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CURRENT REVERSAL

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 ZONE 1 EXTENSION SCHEME

 No Signalling used between ends

 Used with Auto-Recloser only
 Results in More Breaker Operations

Will trip CB @ 'A' for

Gives improved fault clearance fault @ this position
S/Stn 1 time for fault @ this position S/Stn 2 S/Stn 3

Relay Relay Relay Relay

A B C C

Time

Trip
Zone 1 Ext
Distance

Reclose Zone 1 Zone 2

Zone 3F
Distance

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WEAK IN FEED LOGIC

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SERIES COMPENSATION

• Used to increase load capacity

• Improve power system stability

• Improve load division on parallel paths

• Reduce transmission losses

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SERIES COMPENSATION

• Voltage reversal

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 MUTUAL COMPENSATION 1

Ia
D o u b le C ir c u it L in e Z F a u lt
M O

Ib

• COUPLING BETWEEN LONG LINES CAN HAVE A SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON DISTANCE

PROTECTION MEASUREMENT

• ONLY AFFECTS ZERO SEQUENCE COMPONENT (PPS AND NPS COMPONENTS ARE
BALANCED AND THEREFORE SUM TO ZERO)

• IF RELAY NOT COMPENSATED FOR EARTH RETURN AND MUTUAL EFFECTS Z 1 WILL BE
OVER-ESTIMATED AND THE RELAY WILL UNDER-REACH

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 MUTUAL COMPENSATION 2

• When one of the lines is out of service and earthed at both ends
• Energise a Status Input SWITCH TO ALTERNATE SETTINGS group

• ALTERNATE SETTING GROUP uses

– Increased Earth Fault Compensation Factor to take account of the Zero
Sequence Mutual Coupling due to the parallel line

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CCVT TRANSIENT

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CCVT TRANSIENT

 Distance element may over reach

 CCVT Trans. Reduce the fundamental component of the
fault voltage results in decrease in the calculated impedance
 High capacitance reduced transient effect
 Passive Ferro-resonance reduced transient effect

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CCVT TRANSIENT

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 DIRECTIONAL EARTH FAULT 1

• Unrestricted Characteristic
– Operates for any fault current above setting in selected direction
X

• Detects high impedance earth faults

– Operate quantity - residual current
– Polarising quantity - residual voltage

Line
Angle

R

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 DUAL DIRECTIONAL EARTH FAULT

X
• TWO Unrestricted Characteristics Forward
DEF
• Common Line Angle Setting
• Different Operating Current Settings
• Forward DEF Line
Angle
– Operates on Current above FWD
setting in FORWARD direction 
R
• Reverse DEF
– Operates on Current above REV
Reverse
setting in REVERSE direction
DEF

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DIRECTIONAL EARTH FAULT 2

• Discrimination using DTL or IDMTL Time Grading (DEF Direct Trip)

• OR
• High Speed operation using a Signalling Channel (DEF POR)

Operation of both DEF elements

allows instantaneous tripping

• If no Signalling Channel is available

• OR
• Signalling Channel fails

• RELAY CAN OPERATE AS BACK-UP TIME GRADED OVER CURRENT

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