Overview of Disaster

Management
P.Nagarjuna Reddy
 PREVIEW
1.Disturbing Trends of Disasters and their Impact on India.
2.Factors Responsible for Increasing Number of Disasters.
3.Lessons Learnt from Recent Disasters.
4.Disaster Management Cycle.
5.Hazard Vulnerability of India.
6.Disaster Management Act, 2005.
7.NDMA.
8.National Disaster Response Force.
9.Strategy for disaster risk reduction
10.Conclusion.
DISTURBING TRENDS
OF DISASTERS
AND
THEIR IMPACT ON
INDIA
DISTRIBUTION OF NATURAL DISASTERS
 IMPACT OF MITIGATION &
PREPAREDNESS MEASURES
 GLOBAL ECONOMIC LOSSES DUE TO DISASTERS

Losses
in US $
Billion
1960’s 1970’s 1980’s 1990’s
PERIOD
Note : 1. UN Declared the decade of 1990-1999 as International Decade
for Natural Disaster Reduction.
2. Losses 1995-1999 - Developed World – 2.5% of GDP.
- Developing World – 13.4% of GDP.
*Source www.em-dat.net
 LOSSES DUE TO MAJOR EARTHQUAKES
(>6 ON RICHTER SCALE) IN JAPAN & USA
(2003 - 2005)
Country Number Killed Injured Houses
Destroyed Damaged
JAPAN 10 34 1048 > 496 >3553
USA 7 02 59 >55 >235
 MAJOR DISASTERS IN INDIA : 1990 - 2005
YEAR PLACES & DISASTER LOSS OF LIVES LOSS OF PROPERTY
(APPROX) ( Rs Crore) (APPROX)
1991 Uttarkashi Earthquake 2000 2000

1993 Latur Earthquake 9500 6000

1997 Jabalpur Earthquake 200 5000
1999 Chamoli Earthquake 2000 2000
1999 Orissa S Cyclone 9887 10000
2001 Bhuj Earthquake 14000 13400
2004 SE India Tsunami 15000 10000
2004 Assam & Bihar Floods 700 5000
2005 J&K Avalanche 350 100
2005 Mah, Guj, HP, Floods 1569 10300
Karnataka, T’Nadu
2005 J&K Earthquakes 1336 1000
Total Losses of Major Disasters only 56542 64800

1. If Average Annual Lives Lost are Added, Figure Will go to More than
2. Adding Average Annual Losses, the Figure Will be More than
 INDIA
ECONOMIC LOSSES DUE TO DISASTERS
90
80 86
70
60
50 54
Losses in 40

Thousand 30 36
20
Crores 10
50 % 139 %

0
91 - 95 96 - 00 '01 - 05

PERIOD

Annual- Impact on People Annual- Financial Losses

1. Losses in lives - 4334. Percentage of Central Revenue
2. People affected - 30 Million. (for relief) – 12%.
3. Houses lost - 2.34 Million.
FACTORS RESPONSIBLE
FOR INCREASING
NUMBER OF DISASTERS
 FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR
INCREASING NUMBER OF
DISASTERS

• Population Growth and Urban Development

• Development Practices
• Climatic changes
• Effect of Environmental degradation
POLAR ICE CAPS
ARE MELTING
FASTER THAN
EVER…
MORE AND MORE
LAND IS BEING
DEVASTATED BY
DROUGHT…
RISING WATERS ARE
DROWNING LOW-
LYING
COMMUNITIES…
 VICIOUS CYCLE
BURNING FOSSIL
FUELS
INUNDATING LOW
AND BURNING COASTAL AREAS
FORESTS RELEASE
CARBON
GLOBAL
WARMING
REDUCES OXYGEN MELTING POLAR
AND INCREASES ICE RAISES SEA
DROUGHT LEVELS

NOW IT IS VERY MUCH EVIDENT THAT CLIMATE

DISRUPTIONS FEED OFF ONE ANOTHER IN
ACCELERATING SPIRALS OF DESTRUCTION.
LESSONS LEARNT
FROM THE RECENT
DISASTERS
 HURRICANE KATRINA (US)
DIVISION OF RESPONSIBILITY

“The country’s Emergency Operations awesome in their potential, are also

frighteningly inter dependent. Locals are in charge till they get overwhelmed.
Then they cede control to Feds but not entirely. The Scarier things get, the
fuzzier the lines of Authority become-------Uncertainty develops at crucial
moments-------Leaders are afraid to actually Lead.---”
TIME, 19 September 2005
Hurricane
Impact
(Law & Order)
Loss of
Property and CHAOS
Lives
Early warning Overwhelmed
Response State Federal
24 48 72 96
Preparedness
Fed + State Response (Fed + State )

IN HURRICANE RITA THE FEDERAL GOVT GOT INVOLVED FROM THE WARNING STAGE.
 BANGLADESH - A SUCCESS STORY
IN PREPAREDNESS & RESPONSE

CYCLONES – AREA – COX BAZAAR

500000 500,000
450000
400000
350000
300000
250000
200000 Even when
Losses 150000 Population
138,000 had doubled
of Lives 100000
50000 127 111
0
Remarks 1970 1991 1994 1997
1. Losses of lives shown for Cyclones with equal Intensity.
2. Success as a result of well defined Responsibilities and Coordinated & Efficient Response Mechanism.
Existed on Paper But,
Enforcement Lacking.

Most Crucial Responder

-NOT Formally Part of
Response Plan.
Technological Shortfall -
Many Lives Could have
Been Saved.
 NATURAL DISASTERS –
LESSONS LEARNT

1. Mitigation Systems Require Manifold Improvement & should be

“Technology Driven”.
2. Weakness in “Early Warning Systems” and Dissemination of
Information to Far Flung Areas.
3. Decision to Provide Aid :-
(a) Slow because of Procedures.
(b) Request from States not backed by Proper Assessment.
4. States Organizations – Not Geared to Guide & Receive Aid.
5. Disaster Response Resources at State Level – Very Inadequate.
 NATURAL DISASTERS –
LESSONS LEARNT
1. Non Availability of Specialist Equipment,(Incl Mobile Field
Hospitals).
2. Assistance from NGOs NOT Coordinated & Optimised.
3. People - Principal Actors -- Focused Public Awareness
Campaign a Must.
4. Post Disaster Relief & Reconstruction - Lot of GAPS.
5. Positive Lesson -- Role of the Armed Forces
DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
CYCLE
DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE

Emergency Response

Disaster

Preparedness Response/Relief

Prevention/ Rehabilitation
Mitigation

Reconstruction
Pre-disaster: risk reduction
Post-disaster: recovery
 WHAT IS A DISASTER?

DISASTER is an event which is –

• generally unpredictable,

• happens instantly or without giving enough time to react

• affecting a large number of people,

• disrupting normal life and leading to a large scale devastation in terms of loss of life and
property

• always finding the administration and affected people struggling to respond in the desired
manner and

• leaving deep socio-psychological, political and economic after effects which persist for a
long time to come.
 CLASSIFICATION OF DISASTERS

Natural, Man-made & Human-induced

Disasters occur in varied forms
• Some are predictable in advance
• Some are annual or seasonal
• Some are sudden and unpredictable
Factors leading to a Disaster
• Meteorological, Geological, Ecological or
Environmental, Technological Etc.
 NATURAL DISASTERS

• Floods
• Earthquakes
• Cyclones
• Droughts
• Landslides, Pest Attacks, Forest Fires, Avalanches etc
 TIME DURATION OF NATURAL
DISASTERS

• Earthquakes -> Seconds/minutes

• Cyclones -> Days
• Floods -> Days
• Droughts -> Months
 DISASTER MANAGEMENT CONTINUUM
DISASTER MANAGEMENT

MITIGATION RESPONSE LONG TERM

MEASURES

Risk Analysis Rescue

Prevention Preparedness
Rehab

Vulnerability Warning and

Structural Evacuation Reconstruct.
Analysis Relief
Measures &
Planning of Recovery
Hazard Note
Assessment Disaster
Non-Structural
Response Being done efficiently
Measures
Risk Needs better Planning
Assessment No Substantial Work
done so far
HAZARD
VULNERABILITY
OF INDIA
 EARTHQUAKE HAZARD ZONES 2002

Zone V MM IX or more IV
“ IV MM VIII
“ III MM VII V
IV
Zone II MM VI V
“ I MM V or less
V
together now make
Zone II MM VI or less III
Area under the zones
V 12%
III
IV 18%
III ~27%
Total damageable
V
~ 57%
 WIND &
CYCLONE
HAZARD
ZONES IN
INDIA
 FLOOD
HAZARD
PRONE
AREAS
OF
INDIA
LANDSLIDES
ZONATION
MAP
OF
INDIA

Severe Risk Area

High Risk Area

Moderate Risk Area

Unlikely Occurrence
 1

10

17

3
*Even though affected only by Drought but suffers heavy
Financial Losses averaging Rs. 3 to 8 Thousand Crores, Annually.

*Types: Earthquake, Cyclone, Tsunami, Flood, Drought & Landslide.

DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
ACT, 2005
 DISASTER MANAGEMENT ACT, 2005

• “In order to Coordinate Central Govt efforts in Preparedness,

Prevention, Response, Mitigation, Relief and Rehabilitation and
for adoption of a Holistic Pro-active Approach to Disaster
Management, a NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT
AUTHORITY has come into being by an Act of Parliament in
December 2005 under the Chairmanship of Prime Minister as the
NODAL AGENCY for Disaster Management in the Country.”
 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE
GOVT OF INDIA

PLANNING CABINET COMMITTEE ON

COMMISSION
NDMA
SECURITY
/ NEC
CABINET COMMITTEE ON
MHA NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL
MANAGEMENT
CALAMITIES
OTHER MINISTRIES/ NATIONAL DISASTER RESPONSE FORCE HIGH LEVEL COMMITTEE
DEPARTMENTS
NATIONAL DISASTER MITIGATION RESOURCE NATIONAL CRISIS MANAGEMENT
CENTRE
ARMED FORCES COMMITTEE

STATES/ UTs GOVTs

DEPARTMENT MINISTRIES/ HOME GUARD POLICE
SDMAs DEPARTMENTS
OF HOME CIVIL DEFENCE FIRE SERVICES
STATE DISASTER
RESPONSE FORCE

DISTRICTS
DDMAs DEPARTMENTS HOME GUARD CIVIL DEFENCE POLICE & FIRE SERVICES

COMMUNITY LOCAL BODIES/ AUTHORITIES COMMUNITY

National Disaster Management
Authority

NDMA
 CHARTER
1. The ‘National Authority’ shall have the responsibility for laying
down Policies, Plans and Guidelines for Disaster Management
for ensuring Timely and Effective Response to disasters (Both
Natural & Man Made).
2. Coordinate the Enforcement and Implementation of the Policy
and Plans for Disaster Management.

Plan Approve Coord Monitor Ensure

Implementation

3. International Assistance and Cooperation.

 VISION
“The National Vision is, to build a Safer and Disaster
Resilient India, by developing a Holistic, Proactive, Multi-
hazard and Technology-Driven Strategy for DM. This will be
achieved through a Culture of Prevention, Mitigation and
Preparedness to generate, a prompt and efficient Response
at the time of Disasters. The entire process will Centre-
Stage the Community and will be provided Momentum and
Sustenance through Collective efforts of all Government
Agencies and Non-Governmental Organisations.
 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY
CHAIRMAN
CABINET COMMITTEE
(PRIME MINISTER)
CABINET COMMITTEE ON MANAGEMENT OF
ON SECURITY NATURAL CALAMITIES
VICE CHAIRMAN

POLICIES, PREVENTION, MITIGATION & PREPAREDNESS

MR. K.M. Mr B Mrs. P.J RAO LT. GEN. JRB MR. M.K. MR. M. S. REDDY MR. NVC MENON
SINGH BHATTACHARJEE MEMBER MEMBER MEMBER MEMBER MEMBER
MEMBER MEMBER

NATIONAL EXECUTIVE
SECRETARY NDMA
COMMITTEE

CAPACITY BUILDING, COMMUNICATIONS & NEOC WING DISASTER MANAGEMENT WING

NATIONAL DISASTER MITIGATION RESOURCE CENTRES NATIONAL

INSTITUTE OF
DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
NATIONAL DISASTER RESPONSE FORCE
 DISASTER MANAGEMENT WING

Financial Advisor Policies & Mitigation & International Media & Public
Plans Preparedness Cooperation Preparedness

Project Media & Community

Accounts Project
Finance Policies Plans Formulation & Information Preparedness
& Audits Monitoring
Preparedness
 CAPACITY BUILDING, COMMUNICATIONS & NEOC

NEOC & CAPACITY BUILDING COMMUNICATIONS,SYS & KM

Operations & Logistics Capacity Building Communications Systems & KM

Knowledge
Strategic IT &
Control Coordina Scenario Operational Logistics Management
Logistics Planning Systems
Room tion Building Commns Network & IDRN
& Policy
Network
NATIONAL
DISASTER
RESPONSE FORCE
 NATIONAL DISASTER RESPONSE FORCE
• NDRF consists of 8 battalions, with 144 self sustaining teams for rendering effective
response to any threatening disaster situation or disaster.
• Four battalions are for natural disasters and four for NBC.
• NBC battalions will also be trained in combating natural disasters.
• The force will be equipped with State of the Art equipment and will be deployed in
anticipatory manner to provide instantaneous response.
• It will work under NDMA and will be located at nine vulnerable locations.
• They will maintain close liaison with the State Governments and will be available to
them automatically, thus, avoiding long procedural delays.
• Four Training Centres have been set up by PMF to train their respective NDRF
Battalions.
• They will also meet the requirement of States/ UTs.
• NDRF Battalions will impart basic training to State Disaster Response Force in their
respective locations.
NDRF BNS – REGIONAL MITIGATION RESOURCE CENTRES
(RMRCS) & TRAINING CENTRES

PATNA (SSB)
½ CHANDIGARH
½ Bn GUWAHATI
Bn
Each GR. NOIDA

KOLKATA
GANDHINAGAR
BHUBANESHWAR
PUNE
HYDERABAD
LATUR

NAGPUR CHENNAI

LEGEND
NDRF BNs/ RMRCs
TRAINING CENTRES
APEX TRAINING CENTRE
 CONSTITUTION OF SPECIALISED SEARCH
AND RESCUE TEAM
Team Commander
(Inspector)

2 IC/ Ops Officer

(Sub Inspector)

Tech. Medical
Team A Team B Team C Team D Dog Squad Support
Support (6) (6) (6) (6) (3)
(6) Team
(3)

Adm. Support Team

(7)

Total – 45 Personnel
 CONSTITUTION OF SEARCH AND RESCUE TEAM FOR
NBC EMERGENCIES
Team Commander
(Inspector)

Information Dy Team Safety

Officer Leader Officer
(Sub Inspector) (Sub Inspector) (Sub Inspector)

Detection &
Tech. Rescue Rescue Deconta-
Assessment Medical Unit
Support And and mination
Cum
Evacuation Evacuation Team
Evacuation (6)
(4) Team (6) Team (6) (6)
Team (6)

Adm. Support Team (7)

Total – 45 Personnel
STRATEGY
FOR
DISASTER RISK
REDUCTION
 STRATEGIES FOR DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
1.Change of Focus from Relief Centric to Holistic Approach.
2.Mainstreaming Disaster Management into all National Developmental
Programmes.
3.Empowerment of the Community to face the Disaster.
4.Emphasis on Training, Development of Human Capital and Capacity Building.
5.Key Role of Educational and Professional Institutions for Mass Education and
Awareness.
6.Upgradation of the Key Responders.
 STRATEGIES FOR DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
• 7. Supporting and Enabling Mechanisms for the Districts and States.
• 8. Failsafe Early Warning & Communication Systems.
• 9. Coordinated, Timely and Effective Response.
• 10. Involvement of NGOs & Corporate Sectors.
• 11. Time Bound Action Plan for Earthquakes, Floods & Cyclones.
• 12. Pro-active Participation at the Regional and
International Level.
 POLICY FORMULATION
TEAM COMPOSTION

1. Concerned Member of Authority.

2. Concerned Ministry – Representative.
3. Lead/Nodal Organisations/Departments Representatives.
4. Project Team (When Study ordered on the Subject).
5. Advisors/Experts.
6. Leading National (Academic – IITs) Institutions.
Secretarial Support
7. Additional Secretary.
8. Joint Secretary Planning.
9. DDG Strategic Planning.
 “For Development to be
Sustainable,
Disaster Mitigation Must be
Built Into
The Planning Process”
 “EVERY DISASTER
MUST BE TREATED
AS
AN OPPORTUNITY
TO BUILD BACK BETTER”