What is Spark?

 Fast, expressive cluster computing system compatible with Apache Hadoop

- Works with any Hadoop-supported storage system (HDFS, S3, Avro, …)
 Improves efficiency through:
- In-memory computing primitives
Up to 100× faster
- General computation graphs
 Improves usability through:
- Rich APIs in Java, Scala, Python
Often 2-10× less code
- Interactive shell
How to Run It
 Local multicore: just a library in your program
 EC2: scripts for launching a Spark cluster
 Private cluster: Mesos, YARN, Standalone Mode
Languages
 APIs in Java, Scala and Python
 Interactive shells in Scala and Python
Outline
 Introduction to Spark
 Tour of Spark operations
 Job execution
 Standalone programs
 Deployment options
Key Idea
 Work with distributed collections as you would with local ones

 Concept: resilient distributed datasets (RDDs)

- Immutable collections of objects spread across a cluster
- Built through parallel transformations (map, filter, etc)
- Automatically rebuilt on failure
- Controllable persistence (e.g. caching in RAM)
Operations
 Transformations (e.g. map, filter, groupBy, join)
- Lazy operations to build RDDs from other RDDs
 Actions (e.g. count, collect, save)
- Return a result or write it to storage
Example: Mining Console Logs
 Load error messages from a log into memory, then interactively search for patterns
Cache 1
Base RDD
Transformed RDD Worker
lines = spark.textFile(“hdfs://...”) tasks
errors = lines.filter(lambda s: s.startswith(“ERROR”)) Block 1
Driver results
messages = errors.map(lambda s: s.split(‘\t’)[2])
messages.cache()
Action
messages.filter(lambda s: “foo” in s).count() Cache 2
Worker
messages.filter(lambda s: “bar” in s).count()
Cache 3
. . . Block 2
Worker

Result:
Result:
full-text
scaled
search
to 1 TB
of Wikipedia
data in 5-7
in sec
<1 sec Block 3
(vs
(vs170
20 sec
secfor
foron-disk
on-diskdata)
data)
RDD Fault Tolerance

RDDs track the transformations used to build them (their lineage) to recompute lost data

E.g:

messages = textFile(...).filter(lambda s: s.contains(“ERROR”))

.map(lambda s: s.split(‘\t’)[2])

HadoopRDD FilteredRDD MappedRDD

path = hdfs://… func = contains(...) func = split(…)
Fault Recovery Test

140
119
120
Iteratrion time (s)

100 Failure happens

81
80
57 56 58 58 57 59 57 59
60
40
20
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Iteration
Behavior with Less RAM

Ite r a tio n tim e (s )

80
70 69

60 58

50
41
40
30 30

20
12

10
0
Cache disabled 25% 50% 75% Fully cached
% of working set in cache
Spark in Java and Scala

Java API: Scala API:

JavaRDD<String> lines = spark.textFile(…); val lines = spark.textFile(…)

errors = lines.filter( errors = lines.filter(s => s.contains(“ERROR”))

new Function<String, Boolean>() { // can also write filter(_.contains(“ERROR”))
public Boolean call(String s) {
return s.contains(“ERROR”); errors.count
}
});

errors.count()
Which Language Should I Use?
 Standalone programs can be written in any, but console is only Python & Scala
 Python developers: can stay with Python for both
 Java developers: consider using Scala for console (to learn the API)

 Performance: Java / Scala will be faster (statically typed), but Python can do well for
numerical work with NumPy
Scala Cheat Sheet
Variables: Collections and closures:
var x: Int = 7 val nums = Array(1, 2, 3)
var x = 7 // type inferred
nums.map((x: Int) => x + 2) // => Array(3, 4, 5)
val y = “hi” // read-only
nums.map(x => x + 2) // => same
nums.map(_ + 2) // => same

Functions: nums.reduce((x, y) => x + y) // => 6

nums.reduce(_ + _) // => 6
def square(x: Int): Int = x*x
def square(x: Int): Int = {
x*x // last line returned Java interop:
} import java.net.URL
More details:
scala-lang.org
new URL(“http://cnn.com”).openStream()
Outline
 Introduction to Spark
 Tour of Spark operations
 Job execution
 Standalone programs
 Deployment options
Learning Spark
 Easiest way: Spark interpreter (spark-shell or pyspark)
- Special Scala and Python consoles for cluster use
 Runs in local mode on 1 thread by default, but can control with MASTER environment var:

MASTER=local ./spark-shell # local, 1 thread

MASTER=local[2] ./spark-shell # local, 2 threads
MASTER=spark://host:port ./spark-shell # Spark standalone cluster
First Stop: SparkContext
 Main entry point to Spark functionality
 Created for you in Spark shells as variable sc
 In standalone programs, you’d make your own (see later for details)
Creating RDDs
# Turn a local collection into an RDD
sc.parallelize([1, 2, 3])

# Load text file from local FS, HDFS, or S3

sc.textFile(“file.txt”)
sc.textFile(“directory/*.txt”)
sc.textFile(“hdfs://namenode:9000/path/file”)

# Use any existing Hadoop InputFormat

sc.hadoopFile(keyClass, valClass, inputFmt, conf)
Basic Transformations
nums = sc.parallelize([1, 2, 3])

# Pass each element through a function

squares = nums.map(lambda x: x*x) # => {1, 4, 9}

# Keep elements passing a predicate

even = squares.filter(lambda x: x % 2 == 0) # => {4}

# Map each element to zero or more others

nums.flatMap(lambda x: range(0, x)) # => {0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 2}

Range object (sequence of

numbers 0, 1, …, x-1)
Basic Actions
nums = sc.parallelize([1, 2, 3])
# Retrieve RDD contents as a local collection
nums.collect() # => [1, 2, 3]
# Return first K elements
nums.take(2) # => [1, 2]
# Count number of elements
nums.count() # => 3
# Merge elements with an associative function
nums.reduce(lambda x, y: x + y) # => 6
# Write elements to a text file
nums.saveAsTextFile(“hdfs://file.txt”)
Working with Key-Value Pairs
 Spark’s “distributed reduce” transformations act on RDDs of key-value pairs
 Python: pair = (a, b)
pair[0] # => a
pair[1] # => b

 Scala: val pair = (a, b)

pair._1 // => a
pair._2 // => b

 Java: Tuple2 pair = new Tuple2(a, b); // class scala.Tuple2

pair._1 // => a
pair._2 // => b
Some Key-Value Operations
pets = sc.parallelize([(“cat”, 1), (“dog”, 1), (“cat”, 2)])
pets.reduceByKey(lambda x, y: x + y)
# => {(cat, 3), (dog, 1)}
pets.groupByKey()
# => {(cat, Seq(1, 2)), (dog, Seq(1)}
pets.sortByKey()
# => {(cat, 1), (cat, 2), (dog, 1)}

reduceByKey also automatically implements combiners on the map side

Example: Word Count

lines = sc.textFile(“hamlet.txt”)
counts = lines.flatMap(lambda line: line.split(“ ”)) \
.map(lambda word: (word, 1)) \
.reduceByKey(lambda x, y: x + y)

“to” (to, 1)
(be, 2)
“to be or” “be” (be, 1)
(not, 1)
“or” (or, 1)

“not” (not, 1)
(or, 1)
“not to be” “to” (to, 1)
(to, 2)
“be” (be, 1)
Multiple Datasets
visits = sc.parallelize([(“index.html”, “1.2.3.4”),
(“about.html”, “3.4.5.6”),
(“index.html”, “1.3.3.1”)])
pageNames = sc.parallelize([(“index.html”, “Home”), (“about.html”, “About”)])
visits.join(pageNames)
# (“index.html”, (“1.2.3.4”, “Home”))
# (“index.html”, (“1.3.3.1”, “Home”))
# (“about.html”, (“3.4.5.6”, “About”))
visits.cogroup(pageNames)
# (“index.html”, (Seq(“1.2.3.4”, “1.3.3.1”), Seq(“Home”)))
# (“about.html”, (Seq(“3.4.5.6”), Seq(“About”)))
Controlling the Level of Parallelism
 All the pair RDD operations take an optional second parameter for number of tasks
words.reduceByKey(lambda x, y: x + y, 5)
words.groupByKey(5)
visits.join(pageViews, 5)
Using Local Variables
 External variables you use in a closure will automatically be shipped to the cluster:
query = raw_input(“Enter a query:”)
pages.filter(lambda x: x.startswith(query)).count()

 Some caveats:
- Each task gets a new copy (updates aren’t sent back)
- Variable must be Serializable (Java/Scala) or Pickle-able (Python)
- Don’t use fields of an outer object (ships all of it!)
Closure Mishap Example

class MyCoolRddApp { How to get around it:

val param = 3.14
val log = new Log(...) class MyCoolRddApp {
... ...

def work(rdd: RDD[Int]) { def work(rdd: RDD[Int]) {

rdd.map(x => x + param) val param_ = param
.reduce(...) rdd.map(x => x + param_)
} .reduce(...)
} }
NotSerializableException:
MyCoolRddApp (or Log) } References only local variable
instead of this.param
More Details
 Spark supports lots of other operations!
 Full programming guide: spark-project.org/documentation
Outline
 Introduction to Spark
 Tour of Spark operations
 Job execution
 Standalone programs
 Deployment options
Software Components
 Spark runs as a library in your program Your application
(one instance per app)
SparkContext
 Runs tasks locally or on a cluster
- Standalone deploy cluster, Mesos or YARN Cluster Local
 Accesses storage via Hadoop InputFormat API manager threads

- Can use HBase, HDFS, S3, …

Worker Worker
Spark Spark
executor executor

HDFS or other storage

Task Scheduler
 Supports general task graphs A: B:
 Pipelines functions where possible
 Cache-aware data reuse & locality F:
Stage 1 groupBy
 Partitioning-aware to avoid shuffles
C: D: E:

join

Stage 2 map filter Stage 3

= RDD = cached partition

Hadoop Compatibility
 Spark can read/write to any storage system / format that has a plugin for Hadoop!
- Examples: HDFS, S3, HBase, Cassandra, Avro, SequenceFile
- Reuses Hadoop’s InputFormat and OutputFormat APIs
 APIs like SparkContext.textFile support filesystems, while SparkContext.hadoopRDD
allows passing any Hadoop JobConf to configure an input source
Outline
 Introduction to Spark
 Tour of Spark operations
 Job execution
 Standalone programs
 Deployment options
Build Spark
 Requires Java 6+, Scala 2.9.2
git clone git://github.com/mesos/spark
cd spark
sbt/sbt package
# Optional: publish to local Maven cache
sbt/sbt publish-local
Add Spark to Your Project
 Scala and Java: add a Maven dependency on
groupId: org.spark-project
artifactId:spark-core_2.9.1
version: 0.7.0-SNAPSHOT

 Python: run program with our pyspark script

Create a SparkContext
import spark.SparkContext
Scala

import spark.SparkContext._

val sc = new SparkContext(“masterUrl”, “name”, “sparkHome”, Seq(“app.jar”))

Cluster URL, or
import spark.api.java.JavaSparkContext; App Spark install List of JARs with
Java

local / local[N] name path on cluster app code (to ship)

JavaSparkContext sc = new JavaSparkContext(
“masterUrl”, “name”, “sparkHome”, new String[] {“app.jar”}));
Python

from pyspark import SparkContext

sc = SparkContext(“masterUrl”, “name”, “sparkHome”, [“library.py”]))

Complete App: Scala
import spark.SparkContext
import spark.SparkContext._

object WordCount {
def main(args: Array[String]) {
val sc = new SparkContext(“local”, “WordCount”, args(0), Seq(args(1)))
val lines = sc.textFile(args(2))
lines.flatMap(_.split(“ ”))
.map(word => (word, 1))
.reduceByKey(_ + _)
.saveAsTextFile(args(3))
}
}
Complete App: Python
import sys
from pyspark import SparkContext

if __name__ == "__main__":
sc = SparkContext( “local”, “WordCount”, sys.argv[0], None)
lines = sc.textFile(sys.argv[1])

lines.flatMap(lambda s: s.split(“ ”)) \

.map(lambda word: (word, 1)) \
.reduceByKey(lambda x, y: x + y) \
.saveAsTextFile(sys.argv[2])
Example: PageRank
Why PageRank?
 Good example of a more complex algorithm
- Multiple stages of map & reduce
 Benefits from Spark’s in-memory caching
- Multiple iterations over the same data
 Basic Idea
 Give pages ranks (scores) based on links to them
- Links from many pages  high rank
- Link from a high-rank page  high rank

Image: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PageRank-hi-res-2.png
Algorithm
1. Start each page at a rank of 1
2. On each iteration, have page p contribute
rankp / |neighborsp| to its neighbors
3. Set each page’s rank to 0.15 + 0.85 × contribs
1.0

1.0 1.0

1.0
Algorithm
1. Start each page at a rank of 1
2. On each iteration, have page p contribute
rankp / |neighborsp| to its neighbors
3. Set each page’s rank to 0.15 + 0.85 × contribs
1.0
1 0.5
1
1.0 0.5 1.0

0.5
0.5

1.0
Algorithm
1. Start each page at a rank of 1
2. On each iteration, have page p contribute
rankp / |neighborsp| to its neighbors
3. Set each page’s rank to 0.15 + 0.85 × contribs
1.85

0.58 1.0

0.58
Algorithm
1. Start each page at a rank of 1
2. On each iteration, have page p contribute
rankp / |neighborsp| to its neighbors
3. Set each page’s rank to 0.15 + 0.85 × contribs
1.85
0.58 0.5
1.85
0.58 0.29 1.0

0.5
0.29

0.58
Algorithm
1. Start each page at a rank of 1
2. On each iteration, have page p contribute
rankp / |neighborsp| to its neighbors
3. Set each page’s rank to 0.15 + 0.85 × contribs
1.31

0.39 1.72
...

0.58
Algorithm
1. Start each page at a rank of 1
2. On each iteration, have page p contribute
rankp / |neighborsp| to its neighbors
3. Set each page’s rank to 0.15 + 0.85 × contribs

Final state: 1.44

0.46 1.37

0.73
Scala Implementation
val links = // RDD of (url, neighbors) pairs
var ranks = // RDD of (url, rank) pairs

for (i <- 1 to ITERATIONS) {

val contribs = links.join(ranks).flatMap {
case (url, (links, rank)) =>
links.map(dest => (dest, rank/links.size))
}
ranks = contribs.reduceByKey(_ + _)
.mapValues(0.15 + 0.85 * _)
}

ranks.saveAsTextFile(...)
PageRank Performance

Ite ra tio n tim e (s )

171
200

150 Hadoop
Spark
100

80
50

23

14
0
30 60

Number of machines
Other Iterative Algorithms

155 Hadoop
K-Means Clustering
4.1 Spark
0 30 60 90 120 150 180

110
Logistic Regression
0.96
0 25 50 75 100 125

Time per Iteration (s)

Outline
 Introduction to Spark
 Tour of Spark operations
 Job execution
 Standalone programs
 Deployment options
Local Mode
 Just pass local or local[k] as master URL
 Still serializes tasks to catch marshaling errors
 Debug using local debuggers
- For Java and Scala, just run your main program in a debugger
- For Python, use an attachable debugger (e.g. PyDev, winpdb)
 Great for unit testing
Private Cluster
 Can run with one of:
- Standalone deploy mode (similar to Hadoop cluster scripts)
- Apache Mesos: spark-project.org/docs/latest/running-on-mesos.html
- Hadoop YARN: spark-project.org/docs/0.6.0/running-on-yarn.html
 Basically requires configuring a list of workers, running launch scripts, and passing a
special cluster URL to SparkContext
Amazon EC2
 Easiest way to launch a Spark cluster
git clone git://github.com/mesos/spark.git
cd spark/ec2
./spark-ec2 -k keypair –i id_rsa.pem –s slaves \
[launch|stop|start|destroy] clusterName

 Details: spark-project.org/docs/latest/ec2-scripts.html

 New: run Spark on Elastic MapReduce – tinyurl.com/spark-emr

Viewing Logs
 Click through the web UI at master:8080
 Or, look at stdout and stdout files in the Spark or Mesos “work” directory for your app:
work/<ApplicationID>/<ExecutorID>/stdout
 Application ID (Framework ID in Mesos) is printed when Spark connects
Community
 Join the Spark Users mailing list:
groups.google.com/group/spark-users

 Come to the Bay Area meetup:

www.meetup.com/spark-users
Conclusion
 Spark offers a rich API to make data analytics fast: both fast to write and fast to run
 Achieves 100x speedups in real applications
 Growing community with 14 companies contributing
 Details, tutorials, videos: www.spark-project.org