Boeing 747

•BY:
• MUHAMMAD AMIRUL IDDIN BIN ROHISMADI
• NURIZZATI ADIBAH BINTI ABD NORIZAN
PITCH CONTROL • MUHAMMAD ISMAIL AL FATIH BIN MOHD FUAD
• AHMAD ASNAWI BIN AHMAD SHUKRI

• ALYA NABILA BINTI NOR HISHAM

 • Altitude Hold Mode can be activated by
pressing the ALT Key
ALTITUDE HOLD • The flight director maintains the current
(ALT HOLD) aircraft altitude as the Altitude Reference.
MODE • Altitude Hold Mode is automatically armed
when the flight director is in Selected
HOLDS THE Altitude Capture Mode.
CURRENT • Selected Altitude Capture Mode automatically
ALTITUDE transitions to Altitude Hold Mode when the
altitude error is less than 50 ft.
REFERENCE • Selected Altitude becomes the flight
director’s Altitude Reference.
 B747
• The altitude hold mode is manually selected by pressing the HOLD switch/light below
the ALT select knob
• on the MCP. Altitude hold is also selected automatically as a sub-mode as follows:

• 1) In V/S mode, vertical speed equals zero.

• 2) In FL CH and the airplane deviates from the path to aquire the MCP selected altitude.
AFDS will hold
• the present altitude (when the error was detected).
When ALT HOLD is selected manually or is defaulted to as a sub-mode of another mode
as described above, the
Vertical Position control block provides pitch-axis control of the airplane. While in ALT
HOLD mode, the Vertical
Position control law is relying on the following input for the indicated information

IRU - vertical acceleration and vertical acceleration limit

2) ADC - Barometric altitude

VERTICAL
SPEED
MODE
VERTICAL SPEED MODE (V/S)

• Basic pitch axis mode

• This mode usually adjusts the pitch of the aircraft in order to maintain
a specific vertical speed.
•  Inputs: airspeed and aircraft pitch.
VERTICAL SPEED CONTROL

• The vertical speed can be control by control the engine power:

1. By reducing power, your vertical speed will decrease.
2. By increasing power, your vertical speed will increase.
HOW TO ENGAGE?

• Push the V/S switch/light and the A/P in CMD or the F/D is on
• Insert the selected vertical speed by pushing the touch control steerin (TCS)
related to the references.
•  When the vertical speed mode is engaged, V/S (green) light
will be annunciated on the PFD
• The vertical speed target will be displayed in the lower left corner of the PFD.
• Actual aircraft vertical speed will be displayed on the vertical speed indicator.
HOW TO DISENGAGE?

• Depressing the VS push button button-
indicator on the light director mode selector.
• Selecting another vertical mode.
• Selecting the go-around mode.
• Selecting the standby mode.
• Selecting an alternate ATT source on the display controller.
Vertical Speed Select and
Hold
PRIMARY
FLIGHT
DISPLAY
GLIDESLOPE
GLIDESLOPE ACTIVE MODE (APPROACH)

1. The mode is manually selected by pressing the APP switch/light on the MCP.
Pitch commands are generated for A/P or F/D control to acquire and maintain
capture of the glideslope. The A/P channels can be used for single channel or
multi-channel ILS approaches.

2. Once the approach mode is engaged, it can be disabled when the following
modes are selected: HDG HLD, HDG Select, or LNAV.
 APPROACH (APP) MODE

• The approach mode is selected by pressing the APP switch/light on the MCP.
During approach mode, the pitch channel controls glideslope tracking, flare,
and nose-let-down.

• Glideslope is armed when APP is selected. When the glideslope mode is

armed, it has no effect on the current pitch axis mode (mode that was active
when APP was selected). Once the capture criteria is met, glideslope is
engaged and the previous pitch mode becomes inactive. The capture criteria
for glideslope is based on vertical position and vertical speed relative to the
glideslope beam.
APPROACH (APP) MODE

• The Vertical Poisition section of the FCC pitch channel provide the
control law for capturing and tracking the glideslope beam. When
glideslope is initially engaged, a command to exponentially capture the
beam is provided by the FCC. Once the beam is within the specified
capture range, the control law provides for tracking. The glideslope
capture and tacking functions are similar to those for aquiring and
holding an altitude in cruise mode.
Flight Director Go Around Mode
 GO-AROUND (G/A) MODE

1) The go-around mode is intended to be used for rotation and climb out following
an aborted approach. Go-around mode is initiated by pressing the go-around
switches mounted on the No. 2 and No. 3 thrust levers.
2) The control law for go-around is very similar to F/D take off (in-air) mode. The
control law is a function of the altitude, flap position, airspeed and vertical speed.
3) The FIRST IN COMMAND channel priority that was established at multi-channel
engage remains in effect through go-around. This priority will determine the
channel which will assume control when a cruise mode is selected again. A cruise
mode may not be engaged below 400 feet when in go-around mode.
FLARE MODE
FLARE MODE (cont)

• The flare mode takes over pitch altitude control from the glideslope in
order to bring the aircraft to the runway touchdown point with a descent
rate of around 1.5 ft / sec.
• Once the airplane reaches a radio altitude less than 50 feet, flare is
AUTOMATICALLY ENGAGED, then a command will be given to
exponentially capture them.
• The flare command is also controlled by the Vertical Position section and
is computed at the same time as glideslope tracking commands.
FLARE MODE (cont)

• When the air/ground relays sense that the airplane has touchdown and the
pitch angle reduces to 2 degrees, the flare command disengages and the
nose-let-down function control.
• Nose-let-down is developed in the Pitch Attitude Integrator portion of the pitch
channel.
• The control law commands the airplane to slowly let the nose of the airplane
down on the runway and hold a 2 degree pitch-down command.
• The pitch-down command keeps the nosewheel firmly on the runway during
rollout.