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Converters and Rectifiers (NEW)

1. Converters are devices that alter the nature of an electric current or signal, especially converting between AC and DC or changing voltage/frequency levels. 2. Power electronic converters process and control electric energy flow by supplying optimally suited voltages and currents for user loads. They are used widely in applications like power supplies, motor controls, and renewable energy systems. 3. Converters can be classified based on their input/output as diode rectifiers, AC/DC converters, DC/DC choppers, AC/AC regulators, or DC/AC inverters.

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621 views

Converters and Rectifiers (NEW)

1. Converters are devices that alter the nature of an electric current or signal, especially converting between AC and DC or changing voltage/frequency levels. 2. Power electronic converters process and control electric energy flow by supplying optimally suited voltages and currents for user loads. They are used widely in applications like power supplies, motor controls, and renewable energy systems. 3. Converters can be classified based on their input/output as diode rectifiers, AC/DC converters, DC/DC choppers, AC/AC regulators, or DC/AC inverters.

Uploaded by

I AM NOT CHINESE
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Converters and

Rectifiers
BSME 4A
What are converters?
Is a device for altering the nature of an electric current or signal,
especially from AC to DC or vice versa, or from analog to digital
or vice versa.
The primary task of a power electronics converter is to process
and control the flow of electric energy by supplying voltages and
currents in a form that is optimally suited for user loads. Modern
power electronic converters are involved in a very broad
spectrum of applications like switched-mode power supplies,
active power filters, electrical-machine-motion-control,
renewable energy conversion systems distributed power
generation, flexible AC transmission systems, and vehicular
technology, etc.
Converters

It may be converting AC to or from DC, or the


voltage or frequency, or some combination of
these. One way of classifying power conversion
systems is according to whether the input and
output are alternating current (AC) or direct
current (DC).
Converters

The Power Electronic Converter can be classified into five


types:

1. Diode Rectifier
2. AC to DC Converter (Controlled Rectifier)
3. DC to DC Converter (DC Chopper)
4. AC to AC Converter (AC voltage regulator)
5. DC to AC Converter (Inverter)
Converters

Diode Rectifiers - A diode rectifier circuit converts


AC voltage into a fixed DC voltage. The input
voltage to rectifier could be either single phase or
three phase. Simply it is an electrical device which
converts an alternating current into a direct one
by allowing a current to flow through it in one
direction only.
Converters

AC to DC Converter (Controlled rectifiers)


-Controlled rectifiers are line commutated
AC to DC power converters which are used
to convert a fixed voltage, fixed frequency
AC power supply into variable DC output
voltage.
Three-phase controlled rectifier
Single-phase controlled rectifier
Converters
DC Chopper- A DC chopper is a static device that converts
fixed dc input voltage to a variable dc output voltage
directly.  A chopper can be said as dc equivalent of an AC
transformer as they behave in an identical manner. This
kind of choppers are more efficient as they involve one
stage conversion. Just like a transformer, a chopper can be
used to step up or step down the fixed DC output voltage.
Choppers are used in many applications all over the world
inside various electronic equipment's. A chopper system
has a high efficiency, fast response and a smooth control.
Converters

AC to AC Converters
AC/AC converters connect an AC source to AC
loads by controlling amount of power supplied to
the load. This converter converts the AC voltage at
one level to the other by varying its magnitude as
well as frequency of the supply voltage.
Converters

These are used in different types of applications


including uninterrupted power supplies, high
power AC to AC transmission, adjustable speed
drives, renewable energy conversion systems and
aircraft converter systems.
The types of AC to AC converters are discussed
below.
Converters
These converters control the rms value of output
voltage at a constant frequency. The common
application of these converters includes starting of
AC motors and controlling power to heaters.
A single phase AC/AC voltage converter consists of
a pair of anti-parallel thyristors along with a
control circuit as shown in figure below.
The other names of this controller are single phase
full wave converter and AC voltage controller.
Converters

A power inverter, or inverter, is a power electronic


device or circuitry that changes direct current (DC)
to alternating current (AC). The input voltage,
output voltage and frequency, and overall power
handling depend on the design of the specific
device or circuitry.
Rectifiers

Rectification - Simply defined, is the conversion


of alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). This
involves a device that only allows one-way flow of electric
charge. As we have seen, this is exactly what a
semiconductor diode does.(diode is like a one-way valve
that allows an electrical current to flow in only one
direction.) The simplest kind of rectifier circuit is the half-
wave rectifier. It only allows one half of an AC waveform to
pass through to the load.
Half-wave Rectifier
Rectifiers
Full-Wave Rectifiers

If we need to rectify AC power to obtain the full use


of both half-cycles of the sine wave, a different rectifier
circuit configuration must be used. Such a circuit is called
a full-wave rectifier. One kind of full-wave rectifier, called
the center-tap design, uses a transformer with a center-
tapped secondary winding and two diodes, as in the figure
below.
Full-wave rectifiers

Full-wave rectifier, center-tapped design.


Rectifiers
Positive Half-Cycle

This circuit’s operation is easily understood one half-cycle


at a time. Consider the first half-cycle, when the source
voltage polarity is positive (+) on top and negative (-) on
bottom. At this time, only the top diode is conducting; the
bottom diode is blocking current, and the load “sees” the
first half of the sine wave, positive on top and negative on
bottom. Only the top half of the transformer’s secondary
winding carries current during this half-cycle.
Positive half cycle

Full-wave center-tap rectifier: Top half of secondary


winding conducts during positive half-cycle of input,
delivering positive half-cycle to load.
Rectifiers
Negative Half-Cycle

During the next half-cycle, the AC polarity reverses. Now,


the other diode and the other half of the transformer’s
secondary winding carry current while the portions of the
circuit formerly carrying current during the last half-cycle
sit idle. The load still “sees” half of a sine wave, of the
same polarity as before: positive on top and negative on
bottom.
Negative Half-Cycle

Full-wave center-tap rectifier: During negative


input half-cycle, bottom half of secondary winding
conducts, delivering a positive half-cycle to the
load.
Rectifiers
Full-Wave Bridge Rectifiers

Another, more popular full-wave rectifier design exists, and


it is built around a four-diode bridge configuration. For
obvious reasons, this design is called a full-wave bridge.
Current directions for the full-wave bridge rectifier circuit
are for positive half-cycle and the figure below for negative
half-cycles of the AC source waveform. Note that
regardless of the polarity of the input, the current flows in
the same direction through the load. That is, the negative
half-cycle of source is a positive half-cycle at the load.
Full-Wave Bridge Rectifiers

Full-wave bridge rectifier.


Rectifiers
A rectifier can take the shape of several different physical
forms such as solid-state diodes, vacuum tube diodes,
mercury arc valves, silicon-controlled rectifiers and various
other silicon-based semiconductor switches.
Rectifiers are used in various devices, including:
• DC power supplies
• Radio signals or detectors
• A source of power instead of generating current
• High-voltage direct current power transmission systems
• Several household appliances use power rectifiers to
create power, like notebooks or laptops, video game
systems and televisions

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