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ISM and MICMAC

ISM and MICMAC are analytical techniques used to analyze complex relationships between different factors. [1] ISM is used to develop a hierarchical structural model showing the relationships between factors. MICMAC then analyzes the model to identify each factor's driving power and dependence. [2] Factors are classified into four categories based on these powers: autonomous, dependent, linkage, and independent. [3] Together, ISM and MICMAC provide insights into the relative importance and interdependencies between factors in a complex system.

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Girish Ranjan Mishra
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321 views

ISM and MICMAC

ISM and MICMAC are analytical techniques used to analyze complex relationships between different factors. [1] ISM is used to develop a hierarchical structural model showing the relationships between factors. MICMAC then analyzes the model to identify each factor's driving power and dependence. [2] Factors are classified into four categories based on these powers: autonomous, dependent, linkage, and independent. [3] Together, ISM and MICMAC provide insights into the relative importance and interdependencies between factors in a complex system.

Uploaded by

Girish Ranjan Mishra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ISM and MICMAC

Vishwanath Nair (25)


Prashant Thapliyal (31)
Yashraj Rautia (34)
Souvik Bose (50)
Sushant Eapen (55)
ISM and MICMAC
ISM: Interpretive Structural Modeling

MICMAC: Matriced’ Impacts Croisés Multiplication Appliqués à un


Classement

(Cross-impact matrix multiplication applied to classification)


Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM)
❖ ISM is an interactive learning process.
❖ In this technique, a set of different directly and indirectly related elements are
structured into a comprehensive systematic model.
❖ The model so formed portrays the structure of a complex issue or problem in
a carefully designed pattern implying graphics as well as words.
❖ ISM methodology is used to build up the relationship among various enablers
and to identify the driving and dependence powers of enablers.
❖ The final output of ISM is used as input to the MICMAC analysis to identify
the driving and the dependence power of the enablers.
Flow diagram for
preparing ISM
model
Applications of ISM approach
ISM can be used at a high level of abstraction such as needed for long range
planning. It can also be used at a more concrete level to process and structure
details related to a problem or activity such as

❖ Process design ❖ Complex technical problems


❖ Career planning ❖ Financial decision making
❖ Strategic planning ❖ Human resources
❖ Engineering problems ❖ Competitive analysis
❖ Product design ❖ Electronic commerce
❖ Process re-engineering
MICMAC Analysis
❖ The MICMAC method was developed by Michel Godet and François Bourse.
❖ MICMAC (cross-impact matrix multiplication applied to classification) is a
structural prospective analysis technique used to study indirect relationships.
❖ The purpose of MICMAC analysis is to analyze the drive power and
dependence power of factors.
❖ It is done to identify the key factors that drive the system in various
categories.
❖ Based on their drive power and dependence power, the factors are classified
into four categories i.e. autonomous factors, linkage factors, dependent and
independent factors.
MICMAC Analysis

MICMAC Analysis shows the dependence and driving power of enablers. It gives
an insight into the relative importance and interdependencies between these
enablers.

First quadrant (Autonomous factors)

❖ The enablers placed in this quadrant have less driving power and dependents
and because they do not have much influence on the system. These factors
have weak drive power and weak dependence power. They are relatively
disconnected from the system, with which they have few links, which may be
very strong.
MICMAC Analysis
Second quadrant (Dependent factors)

❖ Factors in this quadrant have low driving power and high dependence.

Third quadrant (Linkage factors):

❖ Enablers with high driving power and high dependence fall in this quadrant.
These factors have strong drive power as well as strong dependence power.
These factors are unstable in the fact that any action on these factors will
have an effect on others and also a feedback effect on themselves.

E.g: Number of suppliers, changing needs of the customer


MICMAC Analysis

Fourth quadrant (Independent factors)

❖ This is an independent quadrant which has strong driving power but weak
dependence power.
❖ These factors have strong drive power but weak dependence power. A factor
with a very strong drive power, called the ‘key factor’ falls into the category of
independent or linkage factors.
Case Study
A MICMAC and ISM for Correlation Analysis of
Supply Chain Intricacy Drivers
Supply chain Intricacy drivers includes number and variety of suppliers,
customers, products, processes and uncertainties.

The Intricacy drivers are highly interdependent and the interdependence of the
drivers needs to be studied before prioritizing the drivers.

An Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM) and Impact matrix cross-reference


multiplication (MICMAC) are used to establish the interdependence of supply
chain Intricacy drivers.
Proposed ISM and MICMAC
Fourteen Intricacy drivers are
identified and are categorized as

❖ Supply base complexity


❖ Internal manufacturing
complexity
❖ Customer base complexity
❖ External complexity
Structural self-interaction matrix development

The contextual relationship is determined by examining the relationship between


the two drivers (i and j) and their direction. To symbolize directions, four symbols
have been utilized, and each symbol denotes a unique relationship based on the
direction. The four symbols are:

(1) A: Factor i will lead to Factor j.

(2) B: Factor i will be achieved by Factor j.

(3) C: Factor i and Factor j will facilitate to achieve each other.

(4) D: Factor i and Factor j are not related.


A Pair wise comparison between the drivers is carried out and the contextual
relationship between the drivers is established in structural self interaction
matrix (SSIM).
Initial reachability matrix
The developed SSIM is transformed to a binary matrix after transforming A, B, C
and D by 1 and 0 according to a given case. The replacement of 1 and 0 is based
on the following rules:

❖ If (i, j) entry in the SSIM is A, then (i, j) entry in the reachability matrix changes
to 1 and the (j, i) entry changes to 0.
❖ If (i, j) entry in the SSIM is B, then (i, j) entry in the reachability matrix changes
to 0 and the (j, i) entry changes to 1.
❖ If (i, j) entry in the SSIM is C, then (i, j) entry in the reachability matrix
changes to 1 and the (j, i) entry also changes to 1.
❖ If (i, j) entry in the SSIM is D, then (i, j) entry in the reachability matrix
changes to 0 and (j, i) entry also changes to 0.
Initial
reachability
matrix
Final reachability matrix
❖ Based on initial reachability model, the final reachability matrix is to be
developed after checking for transitivity.
❖ Transitivity is a significant part of ISM where relationships are made on
assumptions.
❖ Transitivity indicates that if there are three variables X, Y and Z and if Variable
X is related to Y and Variable Y is related to Z, then Variable X is necessarily
related to Z.
❖ Using this relationship, transitivity is validated for the initial reachability matrix.
❖ After imposing transitivity, the final reachability matrix is developed and
transitivity relationships are indicated by 1*.
Final
reachability
matrix
Level partitions
To determine the hierarchy among drivers, level partitions are being performed.
The reachability and antecedent set for every driver is to be identified after
analyzing the final reachability matrix.

The drivers that have identical reachability and antecedent sets are specified top
position in ISM hierarchy. The drivers at the top level of the hierarchy does not
enable achieving any other driver located at the top of its own level.

On recognizing the top-level drivers, they are deleted from next consecutive
iterations, and the same method is done successively, leading to the attainment of
a lower level of hierarchy.

The hierarchy levels helped in developing the final ISM model.


The attained structural model is derived based on the final reachability matrix and
is designated as a digraph.

The digraph shows the relationship among drivers and is represented by arrows.
Highly
depended
drivers

Decisive
drivers
MICMAC
❖ Autonomous drivers: The drivers
which are having weak driving
power and weak dependency
power is called autonomous
drivers.
❖ Dependent drivers: The drivers
having high dependency power
and weak driving power is called
dependent drivers.
MICMAC
❖ Linkage drivers: These drivers
are having strong driving power
and strong dependency power and
are unstable since any action on
this will have an effect on other.
❖ The drivers which are having
strong driving power and weak
dependency power is called
independent drivers.
THANK
YOU

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