Peer to Peer Learning

Research Methodology
THE RESEARCH PROCESS
 Considerations
and steps in Methods and
TheResearch
The ResearchProcess
Process
formulating a tools of data Principles of
research problem collection scientific writing

Research design: Sampling theory Methods of data

functions and designs processing;
Use of computers
Literature and statistics
review

Formulating
Formulating Conceptualizing
Conceptualizing Constructing
Constructing Writingaa
Writing Writing
Writing
Selecting
Selecting Collecting
Collecting Processing
Processing
aaresearch
research aaresearch
research an instrument
an instrument forfor research
research a research
a research
problem design datacollection
collection aasample
sample
proposal
data
data data
data report
problem design data proposal report

Editing
Field Coding Operational
of the
Study designs test of the data
steps
research Required
tool theoretical
Variables and
hypotheses:
Validity and Developing knowledge
reliability of the Contents of the a code
definition Required
research tool research proposal book
and typology intermediary
knowledge

What How Conducting of the study

 RESEARCH PROCESS
Formulating
Conceptualizing Constructing
a research
a research an instrument
problem
design for data Selecting
collection a sample
Step Step
II Step
I Step
III
IV

Writing a
Collecting research
Writing a Processing data proposal
research data
report Step
Step V
Step
Step VI
VII
VIII
Formulating a Research Problem
Topic Learning Outcomes

• Importance of formulating a research problem

• Sources of research problems

• Considerations in selecting a research problem

• Steps in formulating a research problem

• How to formulate research objectives ?

• Operational definitions
 Any question that you want answered and any
assumption or assertion that you want to challenge or
investigate.
 However,
◦ not all questions can be transformed into
research problems.
◦ the process of formulating them in a meaningful way is not
at all an easy task.
◦ it requires considerable knowledge of both the subject area
and research methodology.
A research problem is a perceived gap between
what is and what should be.
 Research problem arise from;
◦ Evolution of theories.
◦ Peers and supervisors etc.
◦ Published research (literature review).
◦ Day-to-day experience
 RESEARCH PROBLEM IS THE
FOUNDATION OF THE RESEARCH
STUDY
Clear research problem would result
in clear and economical research
plan.
 The way we formulate the research
problem determines every step that
follows;

• type of study design that can be used

• type of sampling strategy that can be employed

• research instrument that can be used or

developed

• type of analysis that can be undertaken

Sources of research problem
Aspects of research problem
 Interest
 Magnitude

 Concept measures

 Expertise

 Relevance

 Data availability

 Ethics
 Relevance
o How important?
o Size, Severity, health & Social consequences?
 Duplication
o Is the answer already available from other studies?
 Feasibility
o Feasible to carry out remedial actions?
o Are the manpower, time and resources available?
 Applicability
o Potential solution is effective under ideal conditions?
 Cost effectiveness
o Are the resources invested worth the outcome?
o Will the solution be too expensive to
implement?
 Timeliness
o Will the answer come quick enough?
 Ethics
o Will the project be acceptable to the respondents?
 Political acceptability
the results?
o Will the managers and community
accept
Steps in formulating research problem

STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3

Identify broad Dissect to sub- Select interested
field areas sub-area

STEP 5
STEP 6 STEP 4
Formulate
Assess objective Raise questions
objectives

STEP 7
Double
check
 What is an
‘objective’?
◦ A clear and specific goals you set out to attain in your study.
 Two types of objectives;
◦ Main objectives
 Overall statement of the thrust of your study.

 It is also a statement of the main associations and relationships that you seek to
discover or establish.

◦ Sub objectives
 The specific aspects of the topic that you want to investigate within the main
framework of your study.
 One sub-objective contains one aspect only
 Sub-objectives should be numerically listed.
 Worded clearly and unambiguously.
 Use action-oriented words or verbs when writing your
objectives.
 E.g. start with;
◦ ‘to determine’, ‘to find out’, ‘to ascertain’, ‘to measure’,
‘to explore’
 thewording of your objectivesdetermines the type
of research design you need to adopt to achieve
them.
 Focus the study (narrowing it down to

essentials). collection of data which are

 Avoid
not thenecessary
strictly for understanding
and solving the problem you have
identified.
 Organize the study in clearly defined parts or
phases.
 Working definitions or operational definitions are pre-
defined concepts that you plan to use either in your
research problem and/or in identifying the study population
in a measurable form.
 Used only for the purpose of your study and could
be quite different to legal definitions, or those used by
others.
 Working definitions will inform your readers what exactly
you mean by the concepts that you have used in your study
to avoid ambiguity and confusion.