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Chapter 6

The document discusses various flow measurement devices and formulas used to calculate flow rates. It defines the coefficients of discharge, velocity, and contraction used in flow calculations. Formulas are provided for orifices, nozzles, weirs, and Venturi meters. Example problems demonstrate calculating flow rates through different devices using the appropriate formulas and given parameter values.

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Camille Lardizabal
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96 views

Chapter 6

The document discusses various flow measurement devices and formulas used to calculate flow rates. It defines the coefficients of discharge, velocity, and contraction used in flow calculations. Formulas are provided for orifices, nozzles, weirs, and Venturi meters. Example problems demonstrate calculating flow rates through different devices using the appropriate formulas and given parameter values.

Uploaded by

Camille Lardizabal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 6

Fluid Flow Measurement


DEVICE COEFFICIENTS
Coefficient of Discharge, C or Cd

C or Cd = Actual discharge
Theoretical discharge

Coefficient of Velocity, Cv

Cv = Actual velocity
Theoretical velocity

Coefficient of Contraction, Cc

CC = Area of stream or jet


Area of opening
Relationship between the Three Coefficients

Actual discharge, Q = C x Qt
Also
Q= Actual area, a x Actual velocity, v
Q= CCA x CVVt
but Av₁ = Qt
Q= Cc CV Qt

C = Cc X CV
HEAD LOST
The head lost through Venturi meters, orifices, tubes, and nozzles may be
expressed as:

The ideal energy equation between 1 and 2 is:


E₁ = E₂
ORIFICE
An orifice is an opening (usually circular) with a closed perimeter
through which fluids flows.

Energy equation between 1 and 2 neglecting head lost


E₁ = E₂
NOZZLE
A nozzle is a converging tube installed at the end of a pipe or hose for
the purpose of increasing the velocity of the issuing jet.

The discharge through a nozzle can be calculated using the equation

where:
H = total head at base of nozzle
An = area at the nozzle tip
UNSTEADY FLOW
WEIR
Weirs are overflowing structures which are built across an open channel
purpose of measuring or controlling the flow of liquids.
where:
d = depth of water upstream
d=H+P
FRANCIS FORMULA
Bases upon experiments on rectangular weirs from 1.07m (3.5ft) to
5.18m (17ft) long under heads from 180mm to 490mm.

For H/P < 0.4, the following value of Cw may be used.

REHBOCK AND CHOW FORMULA


BAZIN FORMULA

Contracted Rectangular Weirs


The effective length of L of a contracted weir is given by:

where:
L’ = measure length of crest
N = number of end contraction (1 or 2)
H = measured head
•TRIANGULAR
  WEIR (V-NOTCH)
A very low heads, the nappe of a rectangular weir has a tendency to
adhere to its downstream face.

For standard 90weir


Trapezoidal Sharp Crested Weir
The discharge from a trapezoidal weir is assumed the same as that from a
rectangular weir in combination.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Example # 1 [6-5G].*
Calculate the discharge through the 140-mm diameter
orifice shown. Assume C= 0.62
 Solution:

Q = CA
H = H upstream – H downstream
H=3+ -
H = 6.568m

Q = CA
Q = 0.62[ (0.14) 2 ]
Q = 0.108m3/sec
Example # 2 [6-13G].*
Water flows through orifice at the vertical side of a large
tank under a constant head of 2.4m. How far horizontally from
the vena contracta will the jet strikes the ground 1.5m below
the orifice.?
 Solution:

y = X tan θ – [ ]
y = -1.5m
Vo =
=
Vo = 6.862m/s
θ=0
-1.5 = X tan 0 – [ ]
X = 3.79 m
Example # 3 [6-29G]. (CE May 1999)*
An open cylindrical tank 4 m in diameter and 10 m high
contains 6 m of water and 4 m of oil (sp.gr. = 0.8). Find the time
to empty the tank through a 100 mm diameter orifice at the
bottom. Assume Cc = 0.9 and Cv = 0.98.
 Solution:
t =[ ] [( )]
[] = []
[ ] = 819.1
Time to empty the water:
H1 = 6 + 4(0.8) = 9.2 m
H2 = 4(0.8) = 3.2 m
T1 = 819.1 (- )
T1 = 1019.3 sec
Time to empty the oil :
H1= 4
H2 = 0 m
T2 = 819.1 (- )
T2 = 1638.2 sec
Total time to empty = T1 + T2 = 2657.5sec ( 44.3min)
Example # 4 [6-36G].
A rectangular tank shown is divided by a partition into two
chambers and provided with a round 150 mm- diameter sharp
edged orifice at the lower portion of the partititon. At a certain
instant, the level in chamber B is 3 m higher than it is in
chamber A. How long will it take for the water surfacess in the
two chambers to be at the same level? Assume C = 0.62

3m 7.5m

Top View
2m A A

3m A A Side View
 Solution:
t =[ [( )]

As1 = 2(3) = 6 m2
As2= 2(7.5) = 15m2
H1 = 3 m
H2= 0 m

t =[] [( )]
t = 305.91 sec
Example# 5 [ 6-46G].*
A 37.5 mm Venturi meter (C = 0.957) is installed in a 75mm
diameter horizontal pipe carrying oil having sp.gr. = 0.852.
If the recorded flow in the water was 1.5 liter/sec , What could
have been the deflection of the water in the differential
manometer connected between the inlet and the throat?
 Solution:
Actual discharge, Q = 1.5 L/s = 0.0015 m3/s
Since the head lost is not known, the theoretical discharge will be
used.
Q = CQT
0.0015 = 0.957 QT
QT = 0.001567m3/s
Q1 = Q2 = 0.001567

Energy equation between 1 & 2 neglecting head lost : ( using Q1)


E1 = E2
+ + Z1 = + + Z2
++0=++0
- = 0.09618 m of oil
 

Sum- up pressure head from 2 to 1 in meters of oil:


+y+ –h–y=
0.1737h = -
0.1737h = 0.09618
h= 0.554m = 554mm
Example # 6 [6-8B].
Determine the Q of the Weir having a head of 0.30m in Lit/sec
if; (a)900 triangular weir (b)A trapezoidal weir with sides inclined
at 14.040 with the vertical and a length of crest of 2m.
(c)Double contraction.
Solution:
a.) Q = 1.4H5/2 = 1.4(0.30)5/2 = 0.064 m3/s
Q = 64 Lit/sec

b.) Q = 1.859 LH3/2 = 1.859(2)(0.30)3/2 = 0.611 m3/s


Q = 611 Lit sec

c.) L = L - 0.20H
L = L - 0.20H = 2-(0.20)(0.3)
L = 1.94m
Q = 1.84LH3/2 = 1.84 (1.94)(0.3)3/2 = 0.587 m3/s
Q = 587 Lit/sec
 
Example # 7 [6-63G].
The discharge from a 150 mm diameter orifice under a head
of 3.05 m and coeficient of discharge C = 0.60 flows into a
rectangular channel and over a rectangular surface weir . The
channel is 1.83 m wide and the weir has height P = 1.50 m and
length L = 0.32 m . Determine the depth of water in the channel .
Use francis formula and neglect velocity of approach.
 Solution:
For the orifice:
Q = CA = 0.60 x (0.15)2
Q = 0.08202 m3 /s
For the weir neglecting :
Q = 1.84LH3/2
0.08202 = 1.84(0.31)H3/2 ; H = 0.274 m
d = H + P = 0.274 + 1.5
d = 1.774 m

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