INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

NA
I
LS
I R
HA

SENSORY
SKIN RECEPTORS

GLANDS
SKIN & BODY
MEMBRANES
 BODY
MEMBRANES
FUNCTIONS 1. Line or cover of body
surfaces
Of the Body 2. Protect body surfaces
Membranes 3. Lubricate body
surfaces
 TYPES
Classification of the Body Membranes
1. Epithelial membranes:
     contain both epithelial
     and connective tissue
A. Cutaneous membrane
B. Mucous membrane
C. Serous membrane

2. Connective tissue
     membranes:
     just connective tissue
SKIN
 Cutaneous Membrane
(Skin)
• A dry membrane
• Outermost protective boundary
• Largest organ in the body (7% of body weight)

Two main parts:

• Epidermis (superficial, thinner portion)
• Dermis (deep, thicker connective tissue)
 1. Regulates blood temperature
(dilating capillaries and sweating)
2. Stores blood
3. Protects from external
environment
4. Detects cutaneous sensations
(pressure, heat, texture, etc.)
5. Excretes and absorbs
N S substances
TI O
N C 6. Synthesizes vitamin D
FU
STRUCTURE
EPIDERMIS
EPIDERMIS

It is the outermost layer

∙ Stratified squamous epithelium

∙ Often keratinized
(hardened by keratin)
LAYERS OF EPIDERMIS
1
2
3
4
5
11 Stratum
Stratum Corneum
Corneum (Horny
(Horny Layer)
Layer)
• Outermost layer of epidermis
• A broad zone that is 20 to 30 cell layers
thick
• Keratin and the thickened plasma
membranes of cells in this stratum protect
the skin against abrasion and penetration
• Glycolipid between its cells nearly
waterproofs this layer
2 Stratum
Stratum Lucidum
Lucidum (Clear
(Clear Layer)
Layer)

• A thin translucent band just above the

stratum granulosum
• Consists of two or three rows of clear,
flat, dead keratinocytes with indistinct
boundaries
• Visible only in thick skin
3 Stratum
Stratum Granulosum
Granulosum (Granular
(Granular Layer)
Layer)

• Three to five layers of flattened cells,

organelles deteriorating
• Cytoplasm full of lamellated granules
(release lipids) and keratohyaline
granules
4 Stratum
Stratum Spinosum
Spinosum (Prickly
(Prickly Layer)
Layer)

• Several layers of keratinocytes unified by

desmosomes
• Cells contain thick bundles of intermediate
filaments made of pre-keratin
5 Stratum
Stratum Basale
Basale (Basal
(Basal Layer)
Layer)

• Deepest epidermal layer

• One row of actively mitotic stem cells
• Some newly formed cells become part of
the more superficial layers
• Occasional melanocytes and epidermal
dendritic cells.
DERMIS
DERMIS

The second major skin region

• Strong, flexible, dense connective tissue

• Richly supplied with nerve fibers, blood
vessels, and lymphatic vessels
LAYERS OF DERMIS
 PAPILLARY
PAPILLARY LAYER
LAYER

• Thin and superficial

• Areolar connective tissue
• Allows phagocytes and other defensive cells to
wander freely as they patrol the area for bacteria
• Has dermal papillae
 RETICULAR
RETICULAR LAYER
LAYER

• Thick and deeper

• 80% of the dermis
• Cutaneous plexus lies between this layer and the
hypodermis
• Its extracellular matrix contains pockets of adipose
cells and thick bundles of interlacing collagen fibers
HYPODERMIS (SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE )

Layer deep to the dermis

• Also called as superficial fascia

• Not part of the skin
• Anchors skin to underlying organs
• Composed mostly of adipose tissue
• Guards organs by providing
cushioning and extreme temperature
changes
 SKIN
COLOR
MELANIN

Made in the skin, produced by melanocytes

A polymer made of tyrosine amino acids
Form colors from yellow to tan to reddish-
brown to black
Synthesis depends on an enzyme in
melanocytes called tyrosinase
Found only in the deeper layers of the epidermis
 CAROTENE

 A yellow to orange pigment

 Accumulates in the stratum corneum and in
fatty tissue of the hypodermis
 Can be converted to vitamin A
HEMOGLOBIN

 Pinkish hue
 Came from the red blood cells
HAIR & HAIR
FOLLICLE
HAIR
HAIR

• Also known as pili

• Produced by hair follicles
• Consist largely of dead, keratinized cells ( mostly hard keratin)
• Pigment is made by melanocytes at the base of the hair follicle
• Red hair is colored by the iron-containing pigment trichosiderin
• Gray or white hair results from decreased melanin production
 N S
I O
C T
N
FU
• Serves as protection (eyebrows, eyelashes,
respiratory)
• Primarily needed for staying warm
REGIONS OF HAIR
 HAIR SHAFT

• One of the chief regions

of a hair
• Portion in which
keratinization is
complete
• Composed of medulla, cortex
and cuticle
HAIR ROOT

• One of the chief

regions of a hair
• Portion in which
keratinization is
still ongoing
• Composed of an
inner and outer root
sheath
 HAIR BULB

• Forms the base of

the hair follicle
• Living cells divide
and grow to build
the hair shaft
• Cells are nourished
by blood vessels
TYPES OF HAIR
LANUGO
LANUGO
• Fine, soft hair
• • Fine, the
Covers softbody
hair and limbs of a human fetus or newborn
• • Coversthe
Protects thedelicate
body and limbs
fetal skinoffrom
a human
beingfetus or newborn
damaged by the
• Protectsfluid
amniotic the delicate fetal skin from being damaged by the
amniotic fluid
VELLUS
VELLUS
• Short, fine, slight-colored, and barely noticeable hair
• •Present
Short,infine, slight-colored,
children and women and barely noticeable hair
• •Provides
Presentboth
in children
thermaland womenand cooling for the
insulation
•body
Provides both thermal insulation and cooling for the
• It body
can shed and be replaced with a terminal hair
• It can shed and be replaced with a terminal hair
TERMINAL
TERMINAL
• Coarser, darker, longer hair
• Coarser,
• Appears in darker, longer
the axillary andhair
pubic regions of both sexes
• Appears
and in theand
on the face axillary
chest and
(andpubic regions
typically of both
the arms andsexes
legs)
ofand on at
males thepuberty
face and chest (and typically the arms and legs)
of males
• Protects theatskin
puberty
and keep the body warm
• Protects the skin and keep the body warm
 HAIR
FOLLICLE
 HAIR F
FOOL
L L
LI C
ICLLEE
HAIR

• Folds down from the epidermal surface into the

dermis
• Located about 4 mm (1/6 in.) below the skin
surface
• It expands, forming a hair bulb
• Sensory nerve endings called a hair follicle
receptor, or root hair plexus, wraps around each
hair bulb
 FUNCTIONS

• Produce hair fibers in a regular cycle

• Retain stem cells
• Promote cell growth and tissue invasion
• Induce angiogenesis
STRUCTURE
 • Actively dividing area of
the hair bulb
• Produces the hair
HAIR • Originate in a region called
MATRIX the hair bulge
• Located a fraction of a
millimeter above the hair
bulb
• A nipple-like bit of
dermal tissue
• Protrudes into the hair
bulb HAIR
• Contains a knot of
PAPILLA
capillaries
• Similar to the dermal
papillae
 • A bundle of smooth
muscle
ARRECTOR • Contracts and pulls the
hair follicle into an
PILI upright position
• Produce goose bumps
OIL & SWEAT
GLANDS
 OIL
GLANDS
 OIL GLANDS

• Also known as sebaceous glands

• Found all over the body except in the
palms and soles
• Secretes sebum
FUNCTIONS • Softens and lubricates the hair and
skin
• Prevents hair from becoming
brittle
• Slows water loss from the skin
• Kills bacteria
 SWEAT
GLANDS
SWEAT
SWEAT GLANDS
GLANDS
• Also called sudoriferous glands
• Distributed over the entire skin
surface except the nipples and
parts of the external genitalia
• Up to 3 million per person
 • Regulates body
temperature
• Remove waste by
secreting water, sodium

SN
salts, and nitrogenous

IO
waste (such as urea)
CT
N
FU
 TYPES
TYPES OF
OF SWEAT
SWEAT GLANDS
GLANDS
APOCRINE CERUMINOUS

MEROCRINE MAMMARY
 MEROCRINE
SWEAT GLAND

• Most numerous type of sweat gland

• Delivers sweat through pores
• Located all over the body, more on the palmar & plantar region
• Produce watery sweat (water, lactic acid, urea, salt)
• Helps cool down the body
 • Delivers sweat through a duct leading to a hair follicle
• Associated with axillary hair, pubic hair and beard
• Begin to produce sweat at puberty
• Lipid-rich sweat that bacteria feed on
• The waste from bacteria produces odor
• Serves as scent to influence the behavior of others

APOCRINE
SWEAT GLAND
CERUMINOUS
GLAND

• A modified sweat gland only found in the ear canal

• Produces earwax (cerumen)
• Keeps the eardrum flexible
• Waterproofs the ear canal
• Kills bacteria
• Protects ear canal from foreign debris
• A modified sweat gland found in the breast
• Begins to develop at puberty and fully develop during pregnancy
• Produces breast milk (water, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, minerals
• Delivers breast milk through ducts that end at the nipple
• Nourishes an infant

MAMMARY
GLAND
NAILS
 NAILS
• A scale like modification of the
epidermis
• Forms a clear protective covering on
the dorsal surface of the distal part of
a finger or toe
• composed largely of keratin, a
hardened protein (that is also in skin
and hair)
• Corresponds to the hooves or claws
of other animals
 FUNCTIONS

• Protect the tips of your fingers

and toes
• Serve to enhance sensation and
precise movements of the
fingertips
• Can function as several
different types of tools
STRUCTURE OF
NAILS
A LATERAL NAIL FOLD

• Extension of proximal nail fold

• Protects each side of the nail
plate
B LUNULA/LUNULE

• Opaque pale white ‘half moon’

at the base of the nail
• Forms the emerging immature,
plump nail plate cells
C FREE EGDGE

• Part of a nail, such as a

fingernail or toenail, that
extends past the flesh of the
finger or toe
D NAIL BODY

• Composed of densely packed

dead keratinocytes
• Forms at the nail root
• Has a matrix of proliferating
cells from the stratum basale
that enables the nail to grow
continuously
E NAIL BED

• Made of two types of tissue:

dermis and epidermis
• Allows the nail plate to move
F CUTICLE

• A thin, colorless layer of skin

that rides on the nail plate shed
by eponychium
• Grows from under the proximal
nail fold
G PROXIMAL FOLD

• Means ‘nearest attached end’

• Is the soft tissue that protects
the emerging nail plate
H NAIL ROOT

• Also known as the germinal

matrix
• Lies below the skin, underneath
the nail, and extends several
millimeters into the finger
• It produces most of the volume
of the nail
I NAIL MATRIX

• Produces the cells that become

the nail plate
• Size, length and shape of the
matrix determine width and
thickness of the nail plate
J HYPONYCHIUM

• The soft skin that is the distal

end of the nail unit and the nail
bed
• It lies directly under the ‘free
edge’
 SENSORY
RECEPTORS
 • Specialized cells
• Located at peripheral ends of
SENSORY sensory neurons
RECEPTORS • Detect and respond to physical
and chemical stimuli
FUNCTIONS
• They detect energy
(stimulus) changes in
both external and
internal environment
• Transforms the stimulus
into action potential
(nerve impulses)
• Generates nerve
impulses in the sensory
nerve
• They inform the CNS
about different
sensations
TYPES OF SENSORY
RECEPTORS
MECHANORECEPTORS
• Responds to mechanical
stimuli that result from
CUTANEOUS

physical interaction,
including pressure and
vibration.
• They are located in the
skin
• They are all innervated by
Aβ fibers
 • Also known as lamellar
corpuscle
• Discovered by Italian
anatomist Filippo Pacini
• Responsible for sensitivity
PICINIAN to vibration and pressure
• Located deep in the
CORPUSCLE dermis
• Structurally similar to
Meissner's corpuscles
• Also known as bulbous
corpuscles
• Slow adapting receptors
with small receptive fields
• Found in the superficial
dermis
• They record low-
RUFFINI
frequency vibration or
pressure ENDING
• Adapt slowly to pressure
that results in stretching
of the skin
 • Are slow-adapting,
unencapsulated nerve
endings

MERKEL’S • Responds to light touch

• Present in the upper layers
of skin
DISK • Densely distributed in the
fingertips and lips
• Also known as tactile
corpuscles
• Discovered by anatomist
Georg Meissner and
Rudolf Wagner
• Responsible for sensitivity
to light touch
• Also respond to low-
frequency vibration or MEISSNER’S
flutter
• Found in the upper dermis,
but they project into the
CORPUSCLE
epidermis
• Mostly found on the
fingertips and eyelids
 • Also known as bulboid
corpuscle
• cylindrical or oval bodies
• Discovered by the German
KRAUSE END anatomist Wilhelm Krause
• generally believed to be
BULB sensitive to touch and
pressure
 THERMORECEPTORS

• Specialized nerve cells that are able to detect differences

in temperature
• Location and number will determine the sensitivity of the
skin to temperature changes
• Heat receptors are closer to the skin's surface, while cold
receptors are found deeper in the dermis
NOCICECEPTORS

• Sensory receptors that detect signals from damaged

tissue or the threat of damage
• Often referred to as your "pain receptors“
• Mostly located in the epidermis
 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

NA
I
LS
I R
HA

SENSORY
SKIN RECEPTORS

GLANDS