2140705

Object Oriented
Programming with C++

Unit-3
C++ Functions
Prof. Rupesh G. Vaishnav
9428037452
[email protected]
C++ Functions
 C++ Function
 A function is a group of statements that together perform a task.
 Functions are made for code reusability and for saving time and
space.
Function

I like C++ so much

Library Function User Defined Function
I like Rupesh sir
Predefined Created by User
Declarations inside header files Programmer need to declare it
Eg. printf() – stdio.h Eg. factorial()
pow() – cmath.h areaofcircle()
strcmp() – cstring.h

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 C++ Function – (Cont…)
 There are three elements of user defined function

void func1(); Function Declaration

void main()
{
....
func1(); I like C++ soFunction
much call
}
void func1() I like Rupesh sir
{
Function
.... Function
definition
.... body
}

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Simple Function – (Cont…)
 Function Declaration
Syntax:
return-type function-name (arg-1, arg 2, …);
Example: int addition(int , int );

 Function Definition
Syntax:
return-type function-name (arg-1, arg 2, …)
{
... Function body
}
Example: int addition(int x, int y)
{
return x+y;
}
 Categories of Function
(1) Function with arguments and returns value
Function arguments/
parameters

Return type int func1(int , int ); \\declaration

void main()

Function func1
{I like C++ so much
....
returns integer value
to variable z
I like Rupesh sir
int z = func1(5,6); \\function call
}
int func1(int a, int b) \\definition
{
....
return a+b;
} returns a+b to calling function
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 Categories of Function (Cont…)
(2) Function with arguments but no return value

void func1(int , int ); \\function declaration

void main()
{
.... I like C++ so much
func1(5,6); \\function call
} I like Rupesh sir
void func1(int a, int b) \\function definition
{
....
....
}

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 Categories of Function (Cont..)
(3) Function with no argument but returns value

int func1();
void main()
{
....
I like C++ so much
int z = func1();
}
int func1()
I like Rupesh sir
{
....
return 99;
}

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 Categories of Function (Cont…)
(4) Function with no argument and no return value

void func1();
void main()
{
....
func1();
I like C++ so much
}
void func1()
I like Rupesh sir
{
....
....
}

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 Program: Categories of function
 Write C++ programs to demonstrate various categories of
function, Create function addition for all categories.

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 Function with argument and returns value
#include <iostream> Value of
using namespace std; int main() Argument int fun1(int f)
{ {
..... .....
int add(int, int); b = fun1(a); .....
..... return e;
int main(){
int a=5,b=6,ans; I like C++ so much
} Function
Result
}

ans = add(a,b);
I like Rupesh sir
cout<<"Addition is="<<ans;
return 0;
}
int add(int x,int y)
{
return x+y;
}
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 Function with arguments but no return value
#include <iostream>
Value of
using namespace std; int main() Argument void fun1(int f)
{ {
..... .....
void add(int, int); fun1(a); .....
int main() ..... .....
{ I like C++ so much
} No Return
value
}
int a=5,b=6;
add(a,b); I like Rupesh sir
return 0;
}
void add(int x,int y)
{
cout<<"Addition is="<<x+y;
}
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 Function with no argument but returns value

int add(); No
int main() Input int fun1()
{ {
int main() ..... .....
{ b = fun1(); .....
..... return e;
int ans;
ans = add(); I like C++ so much
} Function
Result
}

I like Rupesh sir

cout<<"Addition is="<<ans;
return 0;
}
void add()
{
int a=5,b=6;
return a+b;
}
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 Function with no argument and no return value
void add();
No
int main() Input void fun1()
int main() { {
{ ..... .....
fun1(); .....
add(); ..... .....
return 0; I like C++ so much
} No Return
value
}
}
void add() I like Rupesh sir
{
int a=5,b=6;
cout<<"Addition is="<<a+b;
}

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 Categories of Functions Summary
(1) Function with argument and returns value
Value of
int main() Argument int fun1(int f)
{ {
..... .....
b = fun1(a); .....
..... return e;
I like C++ so much
} Function
Result
}

I like
(2) Function with Rupesh
argument sir value
and but no return
Value of
int main() Argument void fun1(int f)
{ {
..... .....
fun1(a); .....
..... .....
} No Return }
value

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 Categories of Functions Summary
(3) Function with no argument and returns value
No
int main() Input int fun1()
{ {
..... .....
b = fun1(); .....
..... return e;
I like C++ so much
} Function
Result
}

I like
(4) Function with Rupesh
no argument sir
and but no return value
No
int main() Input void fun1()
{ {
..... .....
fun1(); .....
..... .....
} No Return }
value
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Call by Reference
 Call by reference
 The call by reference method of passing arguments to a function
copies the reference of an argument into the formal parameter.
 Inside the function body, the reference is used to access the actual
argument used in the call.
Actual Parameters
I like C++ so much
int main(){
add(a,b);
I like Rupesh
}
sir Formal Parameters

void add(int x,int y){

cout << x+y;
Note: }
 Actual parameters are parameters as they appear in function calls.
 Formal parameters are parameters as they appear in function
declarations / definition.
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 Program: Swap using pointer, reference
 Write a C++ program that to swap two values using function
1. With pass by pointer
2. With pass by reference

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 Program: Solution
void swapptr(int *x, int *y)
{
int z = *x;  Pointers as arguments
*x=*y;
 References as
*y=z;
arguments
}
I like C++ so much
void swapref(int &x, int &y)
{
int z = x;
I like Rupesh sir
int main()
x = y; {
y = z; ...
} swapptr(&a,&b);
swapref(a,b);
...
}
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Program: Solution
void swapptr(int *, int *);
void swapref(int &, int &);
int main()
{
int a = 45;
int b = 35;
cout<<"Before Swap\n";
cout<<"a="<<a<<" b="<<b<<"\n";

swapptr(&a,&b);
cout<<"After Swap with pass by pointer\n";
cout<<"a="<<a<<" b="<<b<<"\n";

swapref(a,b);
cout<<"After Swap with pass by reference\n";
cout<<"a="<<a<<" b="<<b<<"\n";
}
 Program: Solution (Cont…)
void swapptr(int *x, int *y)
{
int z = *x;
*x=*y;
*y=z;
}
void swapref(int
I like&x,C++ so
int &y)
much
{
int z = x;
I likeOUTPUT
Rupesh sir
Before Swap
x = y;
a=45 b=35
y = z;
After Swap with pass by pointer
}
a=35 b=45
After Swap with pass by reference
a=45 b=35
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 Program: Return by Reference
 Write a C++ program to return reference of maximum of two
numbers from function max.

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 Program: Solution
int& max(int &, int &);
int main()  Function declaration
{ returning reference
int a=5,b=6,ans;
ans = max(a,b);
I like C++ so much
cout<<"Maximum="<<ans;
}
I like Rupesh sir
int& max(int &x,int &y)
{
if (x>y)
return x;
else
return y;
}
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 Program: Returning Reference
int x;  setx() is declared with a
int& setdata(); reference type,
int&
int main()
as the return type:
{  int& setx();
setdata() = 56;
cout<<"Value="<<x; I like C++ so much
This function contains
return x;
 You can put a call to this function
}
return 0; I like Rupesh sir
on the left side of the equal sign:
int& setdata() setx() = 92;
 The result is that the variable
{ returned by the function is
return x; assigned the value on the right
} side of the equal sign.

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C Preprocessors
Macros
 C Preprocessors Macros
 C Preprocessor is a text substitution in program.
 It instructs the compiler to do pre-processing before the actual
compilation.
 All preprocessor commands begin with a hash symbol (#).
I like C++ so much
I like Rupesh sir

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 C Preprocessor Macro Example
#include <stdio.h>
#define PI 3.1415
Preprocessor
#define circleArea(r) (PI*r*r)
int main()
{
int radius;
float area;
I like C++ so much
I like Rupesh sir
printf("Enter the radius: ");
scanf("%d", &radius);
area = circleArea(radius);
printf("Area = %f", area);
return 0;  Every time the program encounters
} circleArea(argument), it is replaced by
(3.1415*(argument)*(argument)).
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Inline Functions
 Inline Functions
 Every time a function is called it takes a lot of extra time to execute
series of instructions such as
1. Jumping to the function
2. Saving registers
I like C++ so much
3. Pushing arguments into stack
4. Returning to the calling function
 If a function Ibody
like Rupesh
is small sirtime is more than actual
then overhead
code execution time so it becomes more time consuming.
 Preprocessor macros is a solution to the problem of small functions
in C.
 In C++, inline function is used to reduce the function call overhead.

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 Inline Functions (Cont…)
Syntax:
inline return-type function-name(parameters)
{
// function code
}

I like C++ so much

 Add inline word before the function definition to convert simple
function to inline function.
Example: I like Rupesh sir
inline int Max(int x, int y)
{
if (x>y)
return x;
else
return y;
}
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 Program: Inline function
 Write a C++ program to create inline function that returns cube of
given number (i.e n=3, cube=(n*n*n)=27).

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 Program: Solution
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

inline int cube(int s)

{
return s*s*s; I like C++ so much
}
int main() I like Rupesh sir
{
cout << "The cube of 3 is: " << cube(3);
return 0;
}
 Calls inline function cube with argument 3

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 Critical situations Inline Functions
 Some of the situations inline expansion may not work
1) If a loop, a switch or a goto exists in function body.
2) If function is not returning any value.
3) If function contains static variables.
I like C++ so much
4) If function is recursive.

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Function Overloading
 Function Overloading
 Suppose we want to make functions that add 2 values, add 3
values , add 4 values
In C Function with
int sum(int a, int b); same name in a
I like C++ so much
int sum(int a, int b, int c);
int sum(int a, int b, int c, int d);
program is not
allowed in C
I like Rupesh sir language

In C++ Function with

int sum(int a, int b); same name in a
int sum(int a, int b, int c); program is
int sum(int a, int b, int c, int d); allowed in C++
language
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 Function overloading – Cont…
 C++ provides function overloading which allows to use multiple
functions sharing the same name .
 Function overloading is also known as Function Polymorphism in
OOP.

I like C++ so much

 It is the practice of declaring the same function with different
signatures.
 However, theI two
like Rupesh
functions sir name must differ in at
with the same
least one of the following, Arguments
a) The number of arguments make the
b) The data type of arguments function
c) The order of appearance of arguments unique

 Function overloading does not depends on return type.

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 Function Overloading
int sum(int a, int b); Valid

float sum(int a, int b); Invalid

int sum(int a, int c); Invalid

I like C++ so much

int sum(int a, float b); Valid

I like
int sum(float Rupesh
b, int a); sir Valid

float sum(float a, float b); Valid

int sum(int a, int b, int c); Valid

int sum(int a, float b, int c); Valid

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 Program: Function overloading
 Write a C++ program to demonstrate function overloading. Create
function display() with different arguments but same name

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 Program: Solution (Cont…)
void display(int var)
{
cout << "Integer number: " << var << endl;
}
void display(float var)
{ I like C++ so much
cout << "Float number: " << var << endl;
} I like Rupesh sir
void display(int var1, float var2) {
cout << "Integer number: " << var1;
cout << " and float number:" << var2;
}

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 Program: Solution
int main()
{
int a = 5; float b = 5.5;
display(a);
display(b);
display(a, b); I like C++ so much
return 0;
} I like Rupesh sir

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 Program: Function overloading
 Write a C++ program to demonstrate function overloading. Create
function area() that calculates area of circle, triangle and box.

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I like Rupesh sir

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 float area(int r)
{ Program #7
return 3.14*r*r; Solution
}
float area(int h, int b)
{
return 0.5*h*b;
}
I like C++ so much
float area(int l, int w, int h)
{
return l*w*h; I like Rupesh sir
}
int main(){
cout<<"area of circle="<<area(5);
cout<<“\n area of triangle="<<area(4,9);
cout<<“\n area of box="<<area(5,8,2);
return 0;
}
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Default Function
Arguments
 Default Function Argument
5% 20%

int cubevolume(int l=5, int w=6, int h=7)

{ I like C++ so much
return l*w*h;
} I like Rupesh sir
int main() Here, there can be
If argument fourspecified
is not types ofthen,
function
{ compiler lookscalls possible to see how
at declaration
cubevolume(); many arguments a function uses and
cubevolume(9);
alert program to use default values
cubevolume(15,12);
cubevolume(3,4,7);
}
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 Default Argument Example
int volume(int l=5,int w=6, int h=7)
{
return l*w*h;
}
int main() {
I like C++ so much
cout<<"volume="<<volume()<<endl;
cout<<"volume="<<volume(9)<<endl;
I like Rupesh sir
cout<<"volume="<<volume(15,2)<<endl;
cout<<"volume="<<volume(3,4,7)<<endl;
return 0;
}
 Function call passing
withoutall
only
passing
two oneargument.
argument.
arguments.
arguments.
 Explicitly value5,6,7
Default value 9
3,4,7
15,2
passed to l.totol,w
considered
passed
passed l,
l,w,h
for w, h respectively.
respectively.
respectively.
 Default value 6,7
7 considered
considered h w,h
for for respectively.
respectively.
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 Default Arguments
 while invoking a function If the argument/s are not passed then,
the default values are used.
 We must add default arguments from right to left.
 We cannot provide a default value to a particular argument in the
I like C++ so much
middle of an argument list.
 Default arguments are useful in situations where some arguments
always have Ithelike Rupesh sir
same value.

int cubevolume( int l = 2, int w = 2, int h = 2 )

{
return l*w*h;
}
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 Default Arguments (Cont…)
 Legal and illegal default arguments
void f(int a, int b, int c=0); Valid
void f(int a, int b=0, int c=0); Valid
void f(int a=0, int b, int c=0); Invalid
I like C++ so much
void f(int a=0, int b, int c); Invalid
void f(int a=0, int b=0, int c=0); Valid
I like Rupesh sir

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 Common Mistakes
(1) void add(int a, int b = 3, int c, int d = 4);

 You cannot miss a default argument in between two arguments.

 In this case, c should also be assigned a default value.

I like C++ so much

(2) void add(int a, int b = 3, int c, int d);
I like Rupesh sir
 If you want a single default argument, make sure the argument is
the last one.

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 Program: Default Arguments
 Write a C++ program to create function sum(), that performs
addition of 3 integers also demonstrate Default Arguments
concept.

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I like Rupesh sir

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 Program: Default Arguments
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int sum(int x, int y=10, int z=20)
{
return (x+y+z);
} I like C++ so much
int main()
{ I like Rupesh sir
cout << "Sum is : " << sum(5) << endl;
cout << "Sum is : " << sum(5,15) << endl;
cout << "Sum is : " << sum(5,15,25) << endl;
return 0;
}

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Thank You