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Defects of Timber (Final Class)

This document discusses various defects that can occur in timber. It classifies defects as either natural or artificial. Natural defects include knots, shakes, rind galls, twisted fibers, and upsets. Knots are weak points where branches were cut off. Shakes are cracks between annual growth rings. Artificial defects result from processing and include chip marks, diagonal or torn grain from sawing, and bowing, twisting, or cracking from drying. The document provides detailed descriptions and classifications of different types of each defect.

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Parth Anajwala
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740 views

Defects of Timber (Final Class)

This document discusses various defects that can occur in timber. It classifies defects as either natural or artificial. Natural defects include knots, shakes, rind galls, twisted fibers, and upsets. Knots are weak points where branches were cut off. Shakes are cracks between annual growth rings. Artificial defects result from processing and include chip marks, diagonal or torn grain from sawing, and bowing, twisting, or cracking from drying. The document provides detailed descriptions and classifications of different types of each defect.

Uploaded by

Parth Anajwala
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DEFECTS OF TIMBER

Prepared by.
Kinjal P. Soni
CONTENTS
CLASSIFICATION OF DEFECTS

NATURAL DEFECTS

ARTIFICIAL DEFECTS
CLASSIFICATIONS OF
DEFECTS
A. Natural defect
1) Knot
2) Shakes
3) Rind galls
4) Upset
5) Twisted
B.Artificial defect
1) Defects due to seasoning
2) Defects due to conversation
KNOTS

SHAKES

TWISTED
NATURAL FIBRES

DEFECTS
RIND
GALLS

UPSETS
KNOTS:-

It shows the roots of branches


which are cut or broken from
trees.
This portion receives nourishment
from stem as usual for certain years
due to which some annual rings are
found around the knot.
It is a weak point as continuity of
fibers is found broken from knot.
CLASSIFICATION ON SIZE BASIS
PIN KNOT:- DIAMETRE UPTO 6.50MM
SMALL KNOT:- DIAMETRE UPTO 6.5 AND 20MM
MEDIUM KNOT:- DIAMETER BETWEEN 20 AND 40MM
LARGE KNOT:- DIAMETER GREATER THAN 40MM

CLASSIFICATION ON ACCORDING TO SHAPE


Knots having round or oval shape. These knots are cut at right angles to its long
axis.
Splay or spike knot are the knots cut along the direction parallel to its long axis.

CLASSIFICATION ON ACCORDING TO LOCATION


WITH RESPECT TO ADJOINING KNOTS
Knots having round or oval shape. These knots are cut at right angles to its long
axis.
Splay or spike knot are the knots cut along the direction parallel to its long axis.
CLASSIFICATION ON FORM AND QUALITY BASIS
DEAD KNOT:-Knot which is separated from body of wood. It
is not safe to use wood with such a knot for engineering
purposes.
DECAYED KNOT:-Popularly known as unsound knot and
form by action of fungi on wood.
LIVE KNOT:-It is thoroughly fixed in wood and cannot
separated out from body of wood. It is free from cracks and
decay. Wood containing this knot can be used for engineering
purposes.
LOOSE KNOT:-It is preliminary stage of dead knot.
TIGHT KNOT:-It is preliminary stage of live knot. The fibers
of knot are firmly held in surrounding wood.
RIND GALLS:-
The rind means bark and gall
indicates abnormal growth. Hence
peculiar curved swelling found on the
body of tree are known as rind gall.
They develop at points from where
branches are improperly cut off or
removed.
They are rarely found in a tree and the
timber in this part is very weak and not
durable.
SHAKES:-
These are longitudinal
separations in wood between
the annual rings.
These are cracks which
partly or completely separate
fibers of wood.
The separations make the
wood undesirable when
apperance is important.
TYPES OF SHAKES
STAR SHAKES:-
These are cracks which extend from bark
towards the sap wood.
These are usually confined upto the plane of
sap wood.
These are wider on outside ends and
narrower on inside ends.
They are usually formed due to extreme heat
or severe frost during the growth of tree.
CUP SHAKES:-
It appears as curved split which partly or
wholly separates annual rings from one another.
It is caused due to excessive frost action on sap
present in the tree especially when the tree is
young.
HEART SHAKES:-
These cracks occur in centre of cross-section of
tree and they extend from pith to sap wood in
direction of medullary rays.
These cracks occur due to shrinkage of interior
part of tree which is approaching maturity.
The heart shake divide the tree cross-section into
two or four parts.

RING SHAKES:-
When cup shakes cover the entire ,they are
known as ring shakes.
Twisted fibres:-
These are known as wandering hearts and
caused by twisting of young trees by fast
blowing wind.
The timbers with twisted fibers is unsuitable
for sawing and used for post or poles.
Upsets:-
These indicate wood fibers which are
injured by crushing or compression.
The upsets are mainly due to improper
felling of tree and exposure of tree in its
young age to fast blowing wind.
DEFECTS DUE TO CONVERSION

CHIP MARK DIAGONAL


TORN WANE
GRAIN
GRAIN
DEFECTS DUE TO CONVERSION
CHIP MARK:-
This defect is indicated by mark
or signs placed on finished
surface of timber.
They may be formed by
planning machine.
Wane:-
This defect is denoted by
presence of original rounded
surface on manufactured
part of timber.
DIAGONAL GRAIN:-
The defect is formed due to
improper sawing of timber.
It is indicated by diagonal
marks on straight grained surface
of timber.

TORN GRAIN:-
Defect caused when a small
depression is formed on a
finished surface of timber by
falling a timber.

TORN
GRAIN
DEFECTS DUE TO SEASONING

HONEY
TWIST CUP BOW SPRING SPLIT
COMBING
DEFECTS DUE TO SEASONING

BOW:-
This defect is indicated by
curvature formed in direction
of length of timber
CUP:-
This defect is indicated by
curvature formed in
transverse direction of
timber.
CHECK:-
A crack which
separates fibers of
wood.
It does not extend
from one end to the
other.
SPLIT
SPLIT:-
CHECK When check extends from
one end to other ,it is
known as a split.
TWIST:-
When a piece of timber has
spirally distorted along its
length, it is known as a twist.

HONEY-COMBING:-
Due to stress developed
during drying, various radial
and circular cracks develop
in the interior portion of
timber, which resembles
with honey-comb texture. HONEY-COMB
STRUCTURE
THANK YOU

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