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Waves

Waves can transfer energy but not matter. There are two main types of waves - transverse waves where the vibration is perpendicular to the direction of travel, and longitudinal waves where the vibration is parallel. Key parts of waves include amplitude, wavelength, frequency, time period, and speed. The speed of a wave can be calculated using the wave equation: wave speed = frequency x wavelength. Waves can be reflected, refracted, and their frequency changes due to motion in the Doppler effect.

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Zeedan Mohammed
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56 views

Waves

Waves can transfer energy but not matter. There are two main types of waves - transverse waves where the vibration is perpendicular to the direction of travel, and longitudinal waves where the vibration is parallel. Key parts of waves include amplitude, wavelength, frequency, time period, and speed. The speed of a wave can be calculated using the wave equation: wave speed = frequency x wavelength. Waves can be reflected, refracted, and their frequency changes due to motion in the Doppler effect.

Uploaded by

Zeedan Mohammed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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WAVES

-FINALS
What are waves?
• Waves are one of the ways in which energy may be transferred
between stores.
• All waves transfer energy but they do not transfer matter.
Wavefront
• It is a line where all the points in a wave are in phase in the same
direction and the same distance from the source.
Oscillations
• Waves can be described as oscillations,
or vibrations about a rest position.
For example:
(1) Sound waves cause air particles to
vibrate back and forth
(2) Ripples cause water particles to
vibrate up and down

• The direction of these oscillations is the


difference between longitudinal or
transverse waves. 
Transverse Waves
• The vibrations are at right angles (perpendicular) to the direction of
wave travel.
• Eg. Light waves, waves travelling on the surface of water etc.
Longitudinal Waves
•  The vibrations are parallel to the direction of wave travel.
• Eg. Sound waves
Difference??
• Transverse – Perpendicular
• Longitudinal – Parallel
Parts of Waves
1. Amplitude (A)
- The maximum movement of particles from their resting or equilibrium
position is called its Amplitude.
2. Wavelength (λ)
- The distance from one point on a wave to the same point on the next
wave (from crest to crest or trough to trough) OR
-Distance travelled by a full cycle of a wave.
- UNIT FOR BOTH – Metre (m)
Parts of Waves
(contd.)
3. Frequency (f)
- The number of waves produced
each second OR
- The number of waves passing a
particular point each second.
- Unit : Hertz (Hz)
- Eg. If a wave source produces 5
complete waves each second, it
has a frequency of 5 Hz.
Parts of Waves (contd.)
4. Time Period (T)
- The time taken to produce one full wave is known as Time Period.
- Unit : Seconds (s)
Relationship between Frequency and Time
Period
Word Problem
1. Calculate the time period of a wave with a frequency of 50 Hz.
Ans.

2. Calculate the time period of a wave with a frequency of 400 Hz.


Ans.
The Wave Equation
• Wave speed (v) - m/s
• Frequency (f) – Hz (Hertz)
• Wavelength (λ) - m

wave speed   =   frequency  ×  wavelength


v   =   f × λ
Word Problems
1. What is the speed of a wave that has a frequency of 50 Hz and a wavelength of
6 m?

                                

2. What is the speed of a wave with a frequency of 0.2 Hz and a wavelength of


25 m?

                 

                           
Tuning Fork
Q. A tuning fork creates sound waves with a
frequency of 170 Hz. If the speed of sound in air is
340 m/s, calculate the wavelength of the sound
waves.
A. λ = 2 m
The Ripple Tank
• A ripple tank can be used to
measure and calculate frequency,
wavelength and the speed of
waves on the surface of the water.
• A ripple tank is a transparent
shallow tray of water with a light
shining down through it onto a
white card below in order to clearly
see the motion of the ripples
created on the water’s surface.
• Method
• Set up the ripple tank with about 5 cm
depth of water.
• Adjust the height of the wooden rod so that
it just touches the water.
• Switch on the lamp & motor and adjust
until low frequency waves can be observed.
• Measure the length of waves / number of
waves to record wavelength.
• Count the number of waves passing a
point in ten seconds/ten to record
frequency.
• Calculate the speed of the waves using:
Wave speed = frequency × wavelength.
Reflection
• All waves can be reflected.
• Law of Reflection
-When the wave hits a straight surface
Angle of Incidence = Angle of Reflection
• Angle of Incidence
-Angle between incident ray and
normal.
• Angle of Reflection
-Angle between reflected ray and
normal.
Refraction
• Different materials have different
densities.
• Light waves may change direction at the
boundary between two transparent
materials.
• Refraction is the change in direction of a
wave at such a boundary.
• Waves travels slower in denser materials.
• Glass is denser than air, so a light ray
passing from air into glass slows down.
• If the ray meets the boundary at an angle
to the normal, it bends towards the
normal.
The Doppler Effect
• The Doppler effect is usually noticed
when a vehicle with a siren
approaches and moves away from an
observer.
• Consider a police car.
• When the police car is stationary, the
sound waves from the siren appear as
equally spaced wavefronts.
• People in front and behind hear the
sound of same frequency and
wavelength.
• When the police car starts moving,
the wavefronts are no longer
spaced equally.
• FRONT
-Wavefronts are compressed (small
wavelength, high frequency)
-Person hears louder sound.
• BEHIND
-Wavefronts are stretched (longer
wavelength, small frequency)
-Person hears less louder.
• These changes in frequency when
source of waves is moved is called
Doppler Effect.

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