Scribd
Upload
125 views

Sources of Drugs Cont

The document discusses sources of drugs from natural origins. It defines key terms like binomial nomenclature, monographs, and factors affecting the geographical source of drugs. It also describes the classification, sources, and procedures for studying marine drug molecules and their potential anti-cancer, cardiovascular, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antiviral applications. Proper handling, collection, and storage of marine products is emphasized.

Uploaded by

Starnley Tembo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
125 views

Sources of Drugs Cont

The document discusses sources of drugs from natural origins. It defines key terms like binomial nomenclature, monographs, and factors affecting the geographical source of drugs. It also describes the classification, sources, and procedures for studying marine drug molecules and their potential anti-cancer, cardiovascular, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antiviral applications. Proper handling, collection, and storage of marine products is emphasized.

Uploaded by

Starnley Tembo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 33

Sources of drugs

cont.
objectives
• Students must be able to:
1. Define what is meant by natural origin of a drug
2. Explain components that give a detailed description of an individual herbal
drug
3. Define a Monograph
4. Define Marine Pharmacognosy and explain Marine drug molecules
Classification
5. Know the procedure for study of marine products
6. Know handling, collection and storage of marine products
Binomial Nomenclature
   
• is the formal naming system for living things that all scientists use. It
gives every species a two-part scientific name. 
• The genus name is written first (always Capitalized).
• The species name is written second and is never capitalized
• Both words are italicized if typed or underlined if hand written.

Example: Felis concolor or F. concolor

Which is the genus? The species?


   
"Formal" scientific names should have a third part, the
authority.
    The authority is not italicized or underlined.

The authority is written as an abbreviation of the last name of


the person responsible for naming the organism. Since
Carolus Linnaeus was the first person to name many plants,
the L. for Linnaeus is very common in plant scientific names.

An example is Adansonia digita L.


What is the natural origin of a drug

• It is the plant or animal yielding it. If a plant- botanical


origin or source and if animal- zoological origin or source.

• The geographical source or Habitat is the region in which


the plant or animal yielding the drug grows from
• If a plant grows in their native country it is said to be
indigenous to the region e.g. Adansonia digitata of southern
African

• A naturalized plant grows in a foreign land or locality other


than their native home

• Commercial origin of a plant refers to its production and


channels of trade
FACTORS AFFECTING GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE
OF THE DRUG
Two factors which determine the
commercial geographical sources of a drug
are
• the suitability of the plant to a particular
environment
• and the economic factors associated with
the production of a drug in a particular
area.
Components that give a detailed description of an
individual herbal drug

• Origin of the drugs- biological, geographical and the


name of the drug

• Cultivation and preparation- cultivation; methods of


collection; drying ; packing and other treatments it may
go through in readiness for the market
• Characters of the drug; physical characters e.g. sensory,
histological characters, surface characters, dimensions, etc

• Constituents and tests

• Adulterants

• Uses
Monograph
• The descriptive material pertaining to any drug, therapeutic
agent included in the pharmacopeia

• It will have the following data;

Official title, synonyms, definition, description, collection or


preparation, ID tests, test for adulterants, method of assay,
storage, uses and doses
Marine drug sources
• Marine pharmacognosy is the branch that deals with
natural products obtained from marine organisms

• They have been used from ancient times

• They are highly potent in their pharmacological


activity
Marine drug molecules Classification
• Anti- neoplastic agents

• Cardiovascular active drugs

• Anti-biotic substances

• Anti-inflammatory agents

• Anti- spasmodic agents

• Antiprotozoa

• Antiviral

• Anti-parasytic
Anticancer
• macrolides known as bryostatins isolated primarily
from the bryozoan Bugula neritina
• bryostatins for treating neoplastic for potential bone-
marrow failure as a result of the compounds
stimulating human hematopoietic cells
• Cell growth inhibitory activity in vitro has been
demonstrated by a group of cyclic and linear peptides
and depsipeptides known collectively as dolastatins
from the sea hare Dolabella auricularia.
Active for treatment of
human leukemic cells in
Vitro and mouse fibroblasts
Crassin acetate Origin; Caribbean Gorgonian
Pseudoplexaura porosa
• Sinularin- has anti cancer activity obtained from Sinularia flexibilis
Cardiovascular
activity
• Laminin obtained from marine algae Laminaria angustata
• Uses ; hypotensive activity and a diverse biological activity
• Eldoisin a powerful hypotensive compound with vasodilatory activity

• Obtained from Eledone moschata

• Obtained as a sesquihydrate powder that decomposes at 230 degrees. Looses


activity when incubated in blood

• More potent than acetyl choline for reducing BP

• D-Octopamine- Octopus vulgaris and E. moschta


• Sepongosin; chemically nucleoside a- methoxy derivative of
adenosine hence reduces rate and force of contraction

Obtained from Cryptotethia crypa and has a minor structural


modification from the parent compound arabinosylnucleoside
Marine toxins
Marine toxins
• Obtained from liver and ovaries of
species tetraodontidae, particularly
Spheroids rubripes (globe fish) ,
Taricha torosa
• Uses irreversibly binds to Na+
outside and hence affecting cell
depolarization.
• Saxitoxin- Saxidomous giganteus, Platipodia granulosa
• A purine containing skeleton compound
• Acts as a hypotensive drug in lower doses
• Gambierdiscus toxicus- ciguatoxin; shows cardiovascular and
neurophysiological properties
Anti-inflammatory
• Zonarol-Obtained from • Prepacifenol- obtained from

Dictyopteris zonaroides Laurencia filformis and has

(brown algae) and has anti- antimicrobial activity

inflammatory activity
Antibacterial
• Derived from fungus Cephalosporium
acremonium.

Produced by fermentation of the


marine streptomycete
Streptomyces tenjimariensis-
istamycin a and b
Antivirals
Avarol and Avarone, extracted from the
sponge Disidea avara, have been reported to inhibit immunodeficiency
virus, have high therapeutic index and a high ability to cross the blood-
brain barrier. Proposed for potential treatment of AIDS
Procedure for study of marine products
• Collection and identification
• Extraction
• Assay of extracted product
• Confirmation and enrichment of extracted product
• Determination of polarity
Handling and collection
• Caution due to toxins and allergens
• Use protective clothing
COLLECTION
- Record exact source- latitude, etc
- Habitat were collected eg, on rock, surface etc,
- Mophological description
- Record of other organisms found inside organism of interest
storage
• Quickly dry or freeze or preserve in alcohol

• Extraction is solvent extraction

You might also like