Chapter 3

Time
Time Value
Value of
of
Money
Money
IBA, University of Dhaka
EMBA Program
Dr. Md. Mohiuddin
1
 The
The Time
Time Value
Value of
of Money
Money

 The Interest Rate

 Simple Interest
 Compound Interest
 Amortizing a Loan

2
 The
The Interest
Interest Rate
Rate
Which would you prefer -- $10,000
today or $10,000 in 5 years?
years

Obviously, $10,000 today.

today

You already recognize that there is

TIME VALUE TO MONEY!!
MONEY

3
 Why
Why TIME?
TIME?

Why is TIME such an important

element in your decision?

TIME allows you the opportunity to

postpone consumption and earn
INTEREST.
INTEREST

4
 Types
Types of
of Interest
Interest
 Simple Interest
Interest paid (earned) on only the original
amount, or principal borrowed (lent).
 Compound Interest
Interest paid (earned) on any previous
interest earned, as well as on the
principal borrowed (lent).

5
 Simple
Simple Interest
Interest Formula
Formula

Formula SI = P0(i)(n)
SI: Simple Interest
P0 : Deposit today (t=0)
i: Interest Rate per Period
n: Number of Time Periods
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 Simple
Simple Interest
Interest Example
Example
 Assume that you deposit $1,000 in an
account earning 7% simple interest for
2 years. What is the accumulated
interest at the end of the 2nd year?
 SI = P0(i)(n)
= $1,000(.07)(2)
= $140
7
 Simple
Simple Interest
Interest (FV)
(FV)
 What is the Future Value (FV)
FV of the
deposit?
FV = P0 + SI
= $1,000 + $140
= $1,140
 Future Value is the value at some future
time of a present amount of money, or a
series of payments, evaluated at a given
interest rate.
8
 Simple
Simple Interest
Interest (PV)
(PV)
 What is the Present Value (PV)
PV of the
previous problem?
The Present Value is simply the
$1,000 you originally deposited.
That is the value today!
 Present Value is the current value of a
future amount of money, or a series of
payments, evaluated at a given interest
9
rate.
 Future
Future Value
Value
Single
Single Deposit
Deposit (Graphic)
(Graphic)
Assume that you deposit $1,000 at
a compound interest rate of 7% for
2 years.
years
0 1 2
7%
$1,000
FV2
10
 Future
Future Value
Value
Single
Single Deposit
Deposit (Formula)
(Formula)
FV1 = P0 (1+i)1 = $1,000 (1.07)
= $1,070
Compound Interest
You earned $70 interest on your $1,000
deposit over the first year.
This is the same amount of interest you
would earn under simple interest.
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 Future
Future Value
Value
Single
Single Deposit
Deposit (Formula)
(Formula)
FV1 = P0 (1+i)1 = $1,000 (1.07) =
$1,070
FV2 = FV1 (1+i)1 = P0 (1+i)(1+i) =
$1,000(1.07)(1.07)
$1,000 = P0 (1+i)2 =
$1,000(1.07)
$1,000 2 = $1,144.90

You earned an EXTRA $4.90 in Year 2 with

compound over simple interest.
12
 General
General Future
Future
Value
Value Formula
Formula
FV1 = P0(1+i)1
FV2 = P0(1+i)2
etc.

General Future Value Formula:

FVn = P0 (1+i)n
or FVn = P0 (FVIFi,n) -- See Table I
13
 Valuation
Valuation Using
Using Table
Table II
FVIFi,n is found on Table I at the end
of the book or on the card insert.
Period 6% 7% 8%
1 1.060 1.070 1.080
2 1.124 1.145 1.166
3 1.191 1.225 1.260
4 1.262 1.311 1.360
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5 1.338 1.403 1.469
 Using
Using Future
Future Value
Value Tables
Tables
FV2 = $1,000 (FVIF7%,2)
= $1,000 (1.145)
= $1,145 [Due to Rounding]
Period 6% 7% 8%
1 1.060 1.070 1.080
2 1.124 1.145 1.166
3 1.191 1.225 1.260
4 1.262 1.311 1.360
5 1.338 1.403 1.469
15
 Story
Story Problem
Problem Example
Example
Julie Miller wants to know how large her deposit
of $10,000 today will become at a compound
annual interest rate of 10% for 5 years.
years

0 1 2 3 4 5
10%
$10,000
FV5
16
 Story
Story Problem
Problem Solution
Solution
 Calculation based on general formula:
FVn = P0 (1+i)n
FV5 = $10,000 (1+ 0.10)5
= $16,105.10
 Calculation based on Table I:
FV5 = $10,000 (FVIF10%, 5)
= $10,000 (1.611)
= $16,110 [Due to Rounding]
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 Double
Double Your
Your Money!!!
Money!!!

Quick! How long does it take to double

$5,000 at a compound rate of 12% per
year (approx.)?

We will use the “Rule-of-72”.

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 The
The “Rule-of-72”
“Rule-of-72”

Quick! How long does it take to double

$5,000 at a compound rate of 12% per
year (approx.)?

Approx. Years to Double = 72 / i%

72 / 12% = 6 Years
[Actual Time is 6.12 Years]
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 Present
Present Value
Value
Single
Single Deposit
Deposit (Graphic)
(Graphic)
Assume that you need $1,000 in 2 years.
Let’s examine the process to determine
how much you need to deposit today at a
discount rate of 7% compounded annually.
0 1 2
7%
$1,000
PV0 PV1
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 Present
Present Value
Value
Single
Single Deposit
Deposit (Formula)
(Formula)
PV0 = FV2 / (1+i)2 = $1,000 / (1.07)2
= FV2 / (1+i)2 = $873.44

0 1 2
7%
$1,000
PV0
21
 General
General Present
Present
Value
Value Formula
Formula
PV0 = FV1 / (1+i)1
PV0 = FV2 / (1+i)2
etc.

General Present Value Formula:

PV0 = FVn / (1+i)n
or PV0 = FVn (PVIFi,n) -- See Table II
22
 Valuation
Valuation Using
Using Table
Table IIII
PVIFi,n is found on Table II at the end
of the book or on the card insert.
Period 6% 7% 8%
1 .943 .935 .926
2 .890 .873 .857
3 .840 .816 .794
4 .792 .763 .735
5 .747 .713 .681
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 Using
Using Present
Present Value
Value Tables
Tables
PV2 = $1,000 (PVIF7%,2)
= $1,000 (.873)
= $873 [Due to Rounding]
Period 6% 7% 8%
1 .943 .935 .926
2 .890 .873 .857
3 .840 .816 .794
4 .792 .763 .735
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5 .747 .713 .681
 Story
Story Problem
Problem Example
Example
Julie Miller wants to know how large of a
deposit to make so that the money will grow
to $10,000 in 5 years at a discount rate of
10%.
0 1 2 3 4 5
10%
$10,000
PV0
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 Story
Story Problem
Problem Solution
Solution
 Calculation based on general formula:
PV0 = FVn / (1+i)n
PV0 = $10,000 / (1+ 0.10)5
= $6,209.21
 Calculation based on Table I:
PV0 = $10,000 (PVIF10%, 5)
= $10,000 (.621)
= $6,210.00 [Due to Rounding]
26
 Types
Types of
of Annuities
Annuities
 An Annuity represents a series of equal
payments (or receipts) occurring over a
specified number of equidistant periods.
 Ordinary Annuity:
Annuity Payments or receipts
occur at the end of each period.
 Annuity Due:
Due Payments or receipts
occur at the beginning of each period.

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 Examples of Annuities

 Student Loan Payments

 Car Loan Payments
 Insurance Premiums
 Mortgage Payments
 Retirement Savings
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 Parts
Parts of
of an
an Annuity
Annuity
(Ordinary Annuity)
End of End of End of
Period 1 Period 2 Period 3

0 1 2 3

$100 $100 $100

Today Equal Cash Flows

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Each 1 Period Apart
 Parts
Parts of
of an
an Annuity
Annuity
(Annuity Due)
Beginning of Beginning of Beginning of
Period 1 Period 2 Period 3

0 1 2 3

$100 $100 $100

Today Equal Cash Flows

Each 1 Period Apart
30
 Overview
Overview of
of an
an
Ordinary
Ordinary Annuity
Annuity --
-- FVA
FVA
Cash flows occur at the end of the period
0 1 2 n n+1
i% . . .
R R R
R = Periodic
Cash Flow

FVAn = R(1+i) + R(1+i)

n-1 n-2 + FVAn
... + R(1+i)1 + R(1+i)0
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 Example
Example of
of an
an
Ordinary
Ordinary Annuity
Annuity --
-- FVA
FVA
Cash flows occur at the end of the period
0 1 2 3 4
7%
$1,000 $1,000 $1,000
$1,070
$1,145
FVA3 = $1,000(1.07)2 +
$1,000(1.07)1 + $1,000(1.07)0
$3,215 = FVA3
= $1,145 + $1,070 + $1,000
= $3,215
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 Valuation
Valuation Using
Using Table
Table III
III
FVAn = R (FVIFAi%,n)
FVA3 = $1,000 (FVIFA7%,3)
= $1,000 (3.215) = $3,215
Period 6% 7% 8%
1 1.000 1.000 1.000
2 2.060 2.070 2.080
3 3.184 3.215 3.246
4 4.375 4.440 4.506
5 5.637 5.751 5.867
33
 Overview
Overview View
View ofof an
an
Annuity
Annuity Due
Due --
-- FVAD
FVAD
Cash flows occur at the beginning of the period
0 1 2 3 n-1 n
i% . . .
R R R R R

FVADn = R(1+i)n + R(1+i)n-1 + FVADn

... + R(1+i)2 + R(1+i)1
= FVAn (1+i)
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 Example
Example of
of an
an
Annuity
Annuity Due
Due --
-- FVAD
FVAD
Cash flows occur at the beginning of the period
0 1 2 3 4
7%
$1,000 $1,000 $1,000 $1,070
$1,145
$1,225

FVAD3 = $1,000(1.07)3 + $3,440 = FVAD3

$1,000(1.07)2 + $1,000(1.07)1
= $1,225 + $1,145 + $1,070
= $3,440
35
 Valuation
Valuation Using
Using Table
Table III
III
FVADn = R (FVIFAi%,n)(1+i)
FVAD3 = $1,000 (FVIFA7%,3)(1.07)
= $1,000 (3.215)(1.07) = $3,440
Period 6% 7% 8%
1 1.000 1.000 1.000
2 2.060 2.070 2.080
3 3.184 3.215 3.246
4 4.375 4.440 4.506
5 5.637 5.751 5.867
36
 Overview
Overview of
of an
an
Ordinary
Ordinary Annuity
Annuity --
-- PVA
PVA
Cash flows occur at the end of the period
0 1 2 n n+1
i% . . .
R R R

R = Periodic
Cash Flow
PVAn
PVAn = R/(1+i)1 + R/(1+i)2
+ ... + R/(1+i)n
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 Example
Example of
of an
an
Ordinary
Ordinary Annuity
Annuity --
-- PVA
PVA
Cash flows occur at the end of the period
0 1 2 3 4
7%
$1,000 $1,000 $1,000
$ 934.58
$ 873.44
$ 816.30
$2,624.32 = PVA3 PVA3 = $1,000/(1.07)1 +
$1,000/(1.07)2 + $1,000/(1.07)3
= $934.58 + $873.44 + $816.30
= $2,624.32
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 Hint on Annuity Valuation
The present value of an ordinary
annuity can be viewed as
occurring at the beginning of the
first cash flow period, whereas
the present value of an annuity
due can be viewed as occurring
at the end of the first cash flow
period.
39
 Valuation
Valuation Using
Using Table
Table IV
IV
PVAn = R (PVIFAi%,n)
PVA3 = $1,000 (PVIFA7%,3)
= $1,000 (2.624) = $2,624
Period 6% 7% 8%
1 0.943 0.935 0.926
2 1.833 1.808 1.783
3 2.673 2.624 2.577
4 3.465 3.387 3.312
5 4.212 4.100 3.993
40
 Overview
Overview of
of an
an
Annuity
Annuity Due
Due --
-- PVAD
PVAD
Cash flows occur at the beginning of the period
0 1 2 n-1 n
i% . . .
R R R R

R: Periodic
PVADn Cash Flow

PVADn = R/(1+i)0 + R/(1+i)1 + ... + R/(1+i)n-1

= PVAn (1+i)
41
 Example
Example of
of an
an
Annuity
Annuity Due
Due --
-- PVAD
PVAD
Cash flows occur at the beginning of the period
0 1 2 3 4
7%

$1,000.00 $1,000 $1,000

$ 934.58
$ 873.44
$2,808.02 = PVADn

PVADn = $1,000/(1.07)0 + $1,000/(1.07)1 +

$1,000/(1.07)2 = $2,808.02
42
 Valuation
Valuation Using
Using Table
Table IV
IV
PVADn = R (PVIFAi%,n)(1+i)
PVAD3 = $1,000 (PVIFA7%,3)(1.07)
= $1,000 (2.624)(1.07) = $2,808
Period 6% 7% 8%
1 0.943 0.935 0.926
2 1.833 1.808 1.783
3 2.673 2.624 2.577
4 3.465 3.387 3.312
5 4.212 4.100 3.993
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 Mixed
Mixed Flows
Flows Example
Example
Julie Miller will receive the set of cash
flows below. What is the Present Value
at a discount rate of 10%?
10%

0 1 2 3 4 5
10%
$600 $600 $400 $400 $100
PV0
44
 How
How to
to Solve?
Solve?

1. Solve a “piece-at-a-time”
piece-at-a-time by
discounting each piece back to t=0.
2. Solve a “group-at-a-time”
group-at-a-time by first
breaking problem into groups of
annuity streams and any single
cash flow group. Then discount
each group back to t=0.
45
 ““Piece-At-A-Time”
Piece-At-A-Time”

0 1 2 3 4 5
10%
$600 $600 $400 $400 $100
$545.45
$495.87
$300.53
$273.21
$ 62.09
$1677.15 = PV0 of the Mixed Flow
46
 ““Group-At-A-Time”
Group-At-A-Time” (#1)
(#1)
0 1 2 3 4 5
10%
$600 $600 $400 $400 $100
$1,041.60
$ 573.57
$ 62.10
$1,677.27 = PV0 of Mixed Flow [Using Tables]

$600(PVIFA10%,2) = $600(1.736) = $1,041.60

$400(PVIFA10%,2)(PVIF10%,2) = $400(1.736)(0.826) = $573.57
$100 (PVIF10%,5) = $100 (0.621) = $62.10
47
 ““Group-At-A-Time”
Group-At-A-Time” (#2)
(#2)
0 1 2 3 4

$400 $400 $400 $400

$1,268.00
0 1 2 PV0 equals
Plus
$200 $200 $1677.30.
$347.20
0 1 2 3 4 5
Plus
$100
$62.10
48
 Frequency
Frequency of
of
Compounding
Compounding
General Formula:
FVn = PV0(1 + [i/m])mn
n: Number of Years
m: Compounding Periods per Year
i: Annual Interest Rate
FVn,m: FV at the end of Year n
PV0: PV of the Cash Flow today
49
 Impact
Impact of
of Frequency
Frequency
Julie Miller has $1,000 to invest for 2
years at an annual interest rate of
12%.
Annual FV2 = 1,000(1+
1,000 [.12/1])(1)(2)
= 1,254.40
Semi FV2 = 1,000(1+
1,000 [.12/2])(2)(2)
= 1,262.48
50
 Impact
Impact of
of Frequency
Frequency
Qrtly FV2 = 1,000(1+
1,000 [.12/4])(4)(2)
= 1,266.77
Monthly FV2 = 1,000(1+
1,000 [.12/12])(12)(2)
= 1,269.73
Daily FV2 = 1,000(1+
1,000 [.12/365])(365)(2)
= 1,271.20

51
 Effective
Effective Annual
Annual
Interest
Interest Rate
Rate
Effective Annual Interest Rate
The actual rate of interest earned
(paid) after adjusting the nominal
rate for factors such as the number
of compounding periods per year.

(1 + [ i / m ] )m - 1

52
 BW’s
BW’s Effective
Effective
Annual
Annual Interest
Interest Rate
Rate
Basket Wonders (BW) has a $1,000
CD at the bank. The interest rate
is 6% compounded quarterly for 1
year. What is the Effective Annual
Interest Rate (EAR)?
EAR
EAR = ( 1 + 6% / 4 )4 - 1
= 1.0614 - 1 = .0614 or 6.14%!
53
 Steps
Steps to
to Amortizing
Amortizing aa Loan
Loan
1. Calculate the payment per period.
2. Determine the interest in Period t.
(Loan balance at t-1) x (i% / m)
3. Compute principal payment in Period t.
(Payment - interest from Step 2)
4. Determine ending balance in Period t.
(Balance - principal payment from Step 3)
5. Start again at Step 2 and repeat.
54
 Amortizing
Amortizing aa Loan
Loan Example
Example
Julie Miller is borrowing $10,000 at a
compound annual interest rate of 12%.
Amortize the loan if annual payments are
made for 5 years.
Step 1: Payment
PV0 = R (PVIFA i%,n)
$10,000 = R (PVIFA 12%,5)
$10,000 = R (3.605)
R = $10,000 / 3.605 = $2,774
55
 Amortizing
Amortizing aa Loan
Loan Example
Example
End of Payment Interest Principal Ending
Year Balance
0 --- --- --- $10,000
1 $2,774 $1,200 $1,574 8,426
2 2,774 1,011 1,763 6,663
3 2,774 800 1,974 4,689
4 2,774 563 2,211 2,478
5 2,775 297 2,478 0
$13,871 $3,871 $10,000

[Last Payment Slightly Higher Due to Rounding]

56
 Usefulness of Amortization

1. Determine Interest Expense --

Interest expenses may reduce
taxable income of the firm.
2. Calculate Debt Outstanding -- The
quantity of outstanding debt
may be used in financing the
day-to-day activities of the firm.

57