MATERIALS

AND
COMPONENTS
Introduction
Introduction
• Gas pipeline is constructed using steel pipe, plastic
(polyethylene), stainless steel, aluminium, copper
etc. to end user.

• Mostly used material – carbon steel or plastic

(polyethylene)

• Plastic – used for new pipeline with small diameter

and operating pressure of less than 60 psi.
Material
Properties
Material Properties
• Pipe selection and its thickness will be made after
pipe sizing of the layout plan completed

• The main factor influence the determination of

wall thickness is based on stress strain
characteristic of the selected material.
Stresses
• Usually, there are 4 types of stresses act on pipe:
• Tensile
• Compressive
• Shear
• Torsional
Tensile stress
• Stress, σ, is defined as the force divided by the initial surface area,
σ=F/Ao. 
• This pulling stress is called tensile stress.
• This stress cause strain, ε.
• Strain, ε, is defined as the change in length divided by the original
length, ε=ΔI/Io. 
Compressive stress
• Compressive stress occurs due to compression.
Shear stress
• If instead of applying a force perpendicular to the
surface, we apply parallel but opposite forces on
the two surfaces we are applying a shear stress. 
Torsional stress
• Stress related to shear is torsional stress.
• If we hold one end of our pipe fixed and twist the
other end as shown in the figure below, we are
applying a torsional (or twisting) stress.
Causes of stresses on gas
pipeline

Primary stress
• stress due to gas pressure

Secondary stress
• tensile, compressive, shear and torsional stress
due to thermal expansion or shrinking, weight of
back filling and other external forces
Deformation
• Depending on the type of material, size and
geometry of the object, and the forces applied,
various types of deformation may result.

• Different deformation modes may occur under

different conditions.
Deformation
• Permanent deformation is irreversible; the
deformation stays even after removal of the applied
forces

• While the temporary deformation is recoverable as

it disappears after the removal of applied forces.

• Temporary deformation is also called elastic

deformation, while the permanent deformation is
called plastic deformation.
Typical stress vs. strain
diagram
Steel Pipe
Steel pipe
• Steel pipe is manufactured according to standards -
ASTM, BS, JIS, DIN, API etc.

• Steel pipe can be classified according to the

manufacturing type.
• Electric Resistance Welded Pipe
• Electric Fusion Welded Pipe
• Electric Flash Welded Pipe
• Double Submerged Arc Welded Pipe
• Seamless Pipe
Specified Minimum Yield
Strength (SMYS)
• Material strength for the gas pipe is based on
Specified Minimum Yield Strength (SMYS) and pipe
is designed to operate at the primary stress which
after taking account safety factor.

Pipe standard SMYS

Grade A 25,000 psi
Grade B 35,000 psi
API 5L X-42 42,000 psi
API 5L X-60 60,000 psi
API 5L X-65 65,000 psi
Pipe Material Grade Type SYMS, Psi
Designation Code
ASTM A53 - BW 25,000
ASTM A53 - BW 30,000 Pipe Material Grade Type SYMS, Psi
ASTM A53 A ERW, S 30,000 Designation Code
ASTM A53 B ERW, S 35,000 API 5L A25 BW, ERW, S 25,000
ASTM A106 A S 30,000 API 5L A ERW, FW, S, DSA 30,000
ASTM A106 B S 35,000 API 5L B ERW, FW, S, DSA 35,000
ASTM A106 C S 40,000 API 5LS A ERW, DSA 30,000
ASTM A134 - ERW - API 5LS B ERW, DSA 35,000
ASTM A135 A ERW 30,000 API 5LS X42 ERW, DSA 42,000
ASTM A135 B ERW 35,000 API 5LS X46 ERW, DSA 46,000
ASTM A139 A ERW 30,000 API 5LS X52 ERW, DSA 52,000
ASTM A139 B ERW 35,000 API 5LS X56 ERW, DSA 56,000
ASTM A333 1 S, ERW 30,000 API 5LS X60 ERW, DSA 60,000
ASTM A333 3 S, ERW 35,000 API 5LS X65 ERW, DSA 65,000
ASTM A333 4 S 35,000 API 5LS X70 ERW, DSA 70,000
ASTM A333 6 S, ERW 35,000 API 5LX X42 ERW, FW, S, DSA 42,000
ASTM A333 7 S, ERW 35,000 API 5LX X46 ERW, FW, S, DSA 46,000
ASTM A333 8 S, ERW 35,000 API 5LX X52 ERW, FW, S, DSA 52,000
ASTM A333 9 S, ERW 46,000 API 5LX X56 ERW, FW, S, DSA 56,000
ASTM A381 Y-35 DSA 35,000 API 5LX X60 ERW, FW, S, DSA 60,000
ASTM A381 Y-42 DSA 42,000 API 5LX X65 ERW, FW, S, DSA 65,000
ASTM A381 Y-46 DSA 46,000 API 5LX X70 ERW, FW, S, DSA 70,000
ASTM A381 Y-48 DSA 48,000
ASTM A381 Y-50 DSA 50,000
ASTM A381 Y-52 DSA 52,000
ASTM A381 Y-56 DSA 56,000
ASTM A381 Y-60 DSA 60,000
ASTM A381 Y-65 DSA 65,000 BW – Furnace butt-welded;
ASTM A559 - ERW 35,000
ERW – Electric resistance welded;
S – Seamless;
FW – Flash welded;
EFW – Electric fusion welded;
DSA – Double submerged-arc welded.
Pipe size
• Pipe size is specified by two designations:

• nominal pipe size (NPS) for diameter based on inches

e.g: NPS 8 is pipe with dimeter of 8 inch

• schedule for wall thickness

In gas pipeline, sch.40 is usually used, while sch. 80 is
used for liquid lines.
Steel pipe design
• 

Where;
P = Design pressure, psig
S = Specified minimum yield strength (SMYS)
D = Pipe outside diameter, inch
t = Pipe thickness, inch
F = Design factor
E = Longitudinal weld-joint factor
T = Temperature derating factor
Location Classes for Design
and Construction
• The design factor, F, for steel pipe is a construction
derating factor dependent upon the location class
unit, which is an area that extends 220 yards on
either side of the centerline of any continuous 1-
mile length of pipeline.
Location class
• Class 1, division 1 location
• Has been hydrostatically tested to 1.25 times the maximum
operating pressure.

• Class 1, division 2 location

• Has been tested to 1.1 times the maximum operating
pressure.

• Class 2 location
• Has more than 10 but fewer than 46 buildings intended for
human occupancy. This includes fringe areas around cities
and towns, industrial areas, and ranch or country estates.
Location class
• Class 3 location
• Has 46 or more buildings intended for human occupancy
except when a Class 4 Location prevails. This includes:
• Suburban housing developments
• Shopping centers
• Residential areas
• Industrial areas
• Other populated areas not meeting Class 4 Location requirements
• Class 4 location
• Where multistory buildings are prevalent, traffic is heavy or
dense, and where there may be numerous other utilities
underground. Multistory means four or more floors above
ground including the first, or ground, floor. The depth of
basements or number of basement floors is immaterial.
Example
NPS 2 Sch. 40 ASTM A 53 seamless pipe is used to
transfer natural gas at 60 psig. Gas flowing at average
30oC. The pipe was hydrostatically tested at 1.25 of
the MOP. Calculate the strength act on the pipe and
the percentage of strength from the SMYS.
Steel pipe joining methods
• Welded
• Pipe welding makes connecting pipe much easier than
threading it. It's also less costly. Plus, you'll get better
flow through pipe that has been welded together versus
using connecting devices and other equipment for
joining pipe.

• The most common welding procedure for pipe is stick

welding (SMAW). But other methods like TIG and Oxy
Acetylene welding are used as well.
Welding Positions
• 1G: the horizontal rolled position. In this position
the pipe is horizontal and it is being rolled so that
you, the welder, are actually in a flat position
relative to the pipe. It's the easiest pipe welding
position.
Welding Positions
• 5G: the horizontal fixed position. 5G is a lot like 1G
in that the pipe is in the horizontal position. The
difference is that the pipe is stationary and not
rolling as you weld, which makes it more
challenging.
Welding Positions
• 2G: the vertical position. The 2G position is where
the pipe you are welding is vertical and you are
welding in the horizontal.
Welding Positions
• 6G: pipe inclined fixed position. 6G is the most
difficult of the pipe welding positions because the
pipe is at a forty five degree angle and it is not
rolling. And therefore you will need to be able to
weld on all four positions to finish the 6G weld.
Welding Competency
• For gas piping system, it requires the welder to be
competent up to 6G position.
Steel pipe joining methods
• Unions
• A union, allows the convenient future disconnection of
pipes for maintenance or fixture replacement. It allows
easy connection and disconnection, multiple times if
needed.
Steel pipe joining methods
• Screwed or coupling
• A threaded pipe has a screw thread at one or both ends
for assembly. Steel pipe is often joined with threaded
connections; tapered threads are cut into the end of the
pipe, sealant is applied in the form of thread-sealing
compound or thread seal tape (also known as PTFE or
Teflon tape) and the pipe is threaded into a threaded
fitting with a pipe wrench.
Steel pipe joining methods
• Flanged
• To obtain a leak-free flange connection, a proper gasket
installation is needed, the bolts must be assign on the
correct bolt tension, and the total bolt strength must be
evenly divided over the whole flange face.
Plastic Pipe
Polyethylene Pipe
• Polyethylene (PE) gas piping is the most widely
used plastic piping material for the distribution of
natural gas.

• PE has a well-documented inertness to both the

external soil environment and to natural gas.

• Polyethylene (PE) piping systems complying with

ASTM D 2513 have been successfully used in all
types of fuel gas piping applications since the mid
1960s.
Polyethylene Pipe
• PE piping is the only approved plastic piping under
NFPA 58, Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code, and is
commonly used in the piping of liquefied petroleum
gases (vapor LP-Gas).

• NFPA 54 / ANSI Z223.1 – National Fuel Gas Code

paragraph 2.6.4 also refers the user to ANSI/NFPA 58
by stating “The use of plastic pipe, tubing and fittings
in undiluted liquefied petroleum gas piping systems
shall be in accordance with Standard for the Storage
and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases
[Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code], NFPA 58.”
Standard dimension ratio
• Standard dimension ratio (SDR) is a method of
rating a pipe's durability against pressure. The
standard dimension ratio describes the correlation
between the pipe dimension and the thickness of
the pipe wall.
• As stipulated in MS930, plastic pipe shall be at least
of Standard Dimension Ratio (SDR) 12.

𝐷
 𝑆𝐷𝑅 = 𝑠
Hydrostatic Design Basis
• Plastic pipe is using in different term to refer to
elongation which is Hydrostatic Design Basis (HDB).

• HDB can be defined as the estimated long-term strength

of a plastic pipe material in the hoop or circumferential
direction of the pipe when subjected to certain end-use
conditions.

• The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)

test method D 2837 "Standard test method for obtaining
hydrostatic design basis for thermoplastic pipe
materials" is used for the purpose of determining HDB.
Hydrostatic Design Basis
• To determine HDB, factors such as long-term hydrostatic
strength at 100,000 hours, long-term hydrostatic strength
at 50 years, stress that gives five percent expansion at
100,000 hours etc. are considered for evaluation.

• Any plastic material to qualify for use as a vapor LP-Gas

piping system should be recommended by the
manufacturer for such use, should be qualified using
vapor LP-Gas as the medium, and have a hydrostatic
design basis (HDB) category of at least 1250 psi (8.6 MPa)
at 73°F (23°C) as determined by test method ASTM
D2837. All PE piping systems complying with ASTM D
2513 meet these criteria.
Pipe Material Designation Code HDB at 73oF (23oC)
PE 2406 1250 psi
PE 2708 1250 psi
PE 3408 1600 psi
PE 3608 1600 psi
PE 3708 1600 psi
PE 3710 1600 psi
PE 4608 1600 psi
PE 4708 1600 psi
PE 4710 1600 psi
Plastic Pipe Design
• 

Where;
P = Design pressure, psig
S = Hydrostatic Design Basis
SDR = Standard dimension ratio
F = Design factor

Type of Gas Design Factor, F

LPG 0.25
NG 0.32
Example

Calculate the minimum SDR for natural gas pipeline

at 60 psig using polyethylene pipe (PE 2406).
• The pipe selected shall comply with MS930
Plastic pipe joining methods
• PE pipe shall be joined according to ASTM
F2620−13.

• Three type of heat fusion for joining of PE pipe and

fittings:
• Socket fusion
• Butt fusion
• Saddle fusion
Socket fusion
• The socket-fusion procedure involves simultaneously heating the outside
surface of a pipe end and the inside of a fitting socket, which is sized to be
smaller than the smallest outside diameter of the pipe. After the proper
melt has been generated at each face to be mated, the two components
are joined by inserting one component into the other. The fusion bond is
formed at the interface resulting from the interference fit. The melts from
the two components flow together and fuse as the joint cools.
Butt Fusion
• The butt-fusion procedure in its simplest form consists of
heating the squared ends of two pipes, a pipe and a fitting,
or two fittings, by holding them against a heated plate,
removing the heater plate when the proper melt is obtained,
promptly bringing the ends together, and allowing the joint
to cool while maintaining the appropriate applied force.
Saddle Fusion
• The saddle-fusion procedure involves melting the concave
surface of the base of a saddle fitting, while simultaneously
melting a matching pattern on the surface of the pipe,
bringing the two melted surfaces together and allowing the
joint to cool while maintaining the appropriate applied force.
Copper pipe
Allowable copper pipe
• Only two type are allowed
• Type K and Type L
• Type K – supplied in coil and has higher wall thickness
• Type L – supplied not in coil and normally for internal gas
pipeline
• Limitation
• Pressure not more than 100 psig
• Hydrogen sulphide content not more than 0.3 grains in 0.3 scf of
gas
• Minimum thickness of 0.065 inch
• High external stress or load might damage the pipe
• Suggested specification:
• ASTM B88
• ASTM B280
Copper pipe joining method
• Two type of joint
• Compression coupling
• Brazed soldered
Pipe material
selection
 Resistance
to
environment

Pipe
material
selection
Cost – Load –
material and internal and
installation external
 Valves

Pipe Pressure
Fittings
components regulator

Flange