Signals and Systems

Class 13
 THE CONTINOUS FOURIER TRANSFORM
AND ITS APPLICATIONS

4.1 Introduction

This transform may be viewed as the limiting form of the

Fourier Series of the signal as the period goes to infinity,
the difference between the Fourier series and The Fourier
transform is that series has discrete values for X n ,
and the Fourier transform is a continuous function of f.
 4.2 The Fourier Integral



j 2ft
x(t )  X ( f )e df
 


 j 2ft
X(f )  x (t ) e dt

This is the Fourier Transform Pair.
Properties:
X ( f )  X ( f ) e j ( f )
For a real signal x(t )

X ( f )  X ( f ) The magnitude is an even function of

Frequency.
 ( f )   ( f ) The phase is an odd function of frequency
 4.2 The Fourier Integral
(Continuation)
The plot of this two functions X ( f ) and  ( f )
With respect to the frequency is called Spectrum.

If x(t ) is even then X ( f ) is a real even function of

frequency
If x(t ) is odd, then X ( f ) is an imaginary odd function of
frequency
 4.2 The Fourier Integral
(Continuation)
EXAMPLE 4.1) F.T. of xa (t )  rect (t / 2) and of
xb (t )  rec (t  1 / 2)  rect (t  1 / 2)
xa (t )  rect (t / 2)
1
X a ( f )   (1)e  j 2ft dt 
1

 j 2ft 1
 1  j 2f
Xa( f ) 
e
 j 2f

j 2f
e  e  j 2f ( 1) 
1

 1  j 2f 1  e j 2f
 e  j 2f
 sin (2f )
Xa( f ) 
j 2f
e 
 e  j 2f  
f 

j2
 
f

 4.2 The Fourier Integral
(Continuation)
Adding 2 to numerator and denominator we get a sinc
sin (2f )
Xa( f )  2 X a ( f )  2sinc(2 f )
2f
 Im( X ( f )) 
 ( f )  tan 
1

 Re( X ( f )) 
 4.2 The Fourier Integral
(Continuation)
xb (t )  rec (t  1 / 2)  rect (t  1 / 2)

0 1
X b ( f )   (1)e  j 2ft
dt   (1)e  j 2ft dt 
1 0

 j 2ft 0  j 2ft 1
e e
Xb( f )  
 j 2f 1
 j 2f 0

Xb( f ) 
1
j 2f
1 e 
 j 2f

 1  j 2f
j 2f
e  1 
1
j 2f
2  e 
 j 2f
 e  j 2f

 4.2 The Fourier Integral
(Continuation)
 1   e  j 2f  e  j 2f  1
Xb( f )  1  
jf  
  1  1cos(2f ;)
2  jf
1  1 cos(2f )
We know that sin 2
(f )  , then;
2
j jf
X (f) 2 sin (f ) 
2
2 sin (f ) 2

( j. j )f (f )
b 2

X ( f )  j 2f sin c ( f )
b
2
4.2 The Fourier Integral
(Continuation)

 Im( X ( f )) 
 ( f )  tan 
1

 Re( X ( f )) 
 4.3 ESD (Energy Spectral
Density)
E   x(t ) dt
 2



E   X ( f ) df
 2



This is the Parseval Theorem for Fourier Transforms.

2

The units of X ( f ) are Jules per Hertz if x(t ) is voltage.

This is the ESD. Because when we calculate the integral,
we get the Energy.
 4.5 Fourier Transform Theorems
Linearity (Superposition) Theorem
a1 x1 (t )  a2 x2 (t )  a1 X 1 ( f )  a2 X 2 ( f )
Time-Delay (shift) Theorem
 j 2ft 0
x(t  t0 )  X ( f )e
Example: If x(t )  sinc 2 (2f )
x(t  t0 )  e  j 2f 0 sinc 2 (2f )
 4.5 Fourier Transform Theorems
(Continuation)
EXAMPLE 4.4 Obtain the Fourier Transform of a unit high
square pulse 2 units wide from t  0 to t  2
 t  1
The pulse from t  0 to t  2 can be written as x (t )  rect  
 2 
We know that the FT of a Square pulse rect (t / 2)
is X ( f )  2sinc(2 f )
Therefore the Fourier Transform can be obtained from the
Time-Delay Theorem as x (t  1)  X ( f )e  j 2f (1)
 t  1  2sinc(2 f )e  j 2f
x(t  1)  rect  
 2 
4.5 Fourier Transform Theorems
(Continuation)
Scale Change Theorem Time reversal
1 f
x(at )  X ( ) x(t )  X ( f )
a a

EXAMPLE 4.6 Obtain the FT of rect (t )

from the FT obtained from x(t )  rect (t / 2) In this case rect (t )
is x (2t )  rect (2[t / 2]) which means compressing by 2.
Therefore
1 f
x(at )  X ( ) In this case becomes
a a
 4.5 Fourier Transform Theorems
(Continuation)

1 f
x(2t )  X ( ) Then if X ( f )  2 sin c(2 f )
2 2
1 2f
x(2t )  rect (2[t / 2])  rect (t )  2 sin c( )  sin c( f )
2 2
t
Even more, consider the signal rect ( )

t t 
This signal is the same as x   rect  
   
 4.5 Fourier Transform Theorems
(Continuation)
1 f
Starting from x(at )  X ( )
a a

x t   rect  t   sin c( f )
 t 1
X (f )  X (f )
In this case x  
  1/

t
we have: rect ( )   sin c(f )

 4.5 Fourier Transform Theorems
(Continuation)
Duality Theorem
x(t )  X ( f ) then X (t )  x ( f )
Frequency Translation (shifting) Theorem
x(t )e j 2f 0t  X ( f  f 0 )
j 20t
EXAMPLE 4.8 Find the FT of x1 (t )  rect (t / 2)e
By the Frequency Translation Theorem x(t )e j 2f t  X ( f  f 0 )
0

Where x(t )  rect (t / 2)Therefore

X ( f )  2 sin c(2 f ) and x(t )e j 20t  X ( f  10)  2 sin c(2( f  10))