BLOOD

Presented by:
JOMAR P.
RONQUILLO, RN
Slide 001
 FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
• Transports gases, nutrients, waste products
• Transport of process molecules
• Transport of regulatory molecules
• Regulation of pH and osmosis
• Maintenance of body temperature
• Protection against foreign substances
• Clot formation

Slide 002
 COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
• Blood is a type of connective tissue that
consists of cells and cell fragments
surrounded by a liquid matrix.
• Formed elements
• Plasma
• Total blood volume

Slide 003
 PLASMA
• Plasma is a pale yellow fluid that consists
of about 91% of water; 7% proteins; and
2% other substances.
• Includes:
– Albumin
– Globulin
– Fibrinogen
 PLASMA: ALBUMIN
• Makes up 58% of the plasma proteins
 PLASMA: GLOBULIN
• Accounts for 28% of the plasma proteins
 PLASMA: FIBRINOGEN
• Constitutes 4% of plasma proteins
PLASMA: SERUM
FORMED ELEMENTS
 FORMED ELEMENTS
• Consist of:
– Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
– White Blood Cells (WBCs)
– Thrombocytes (Platelets)
 PRODUCTION OF FORMED
ELEMENTS
• Hematopoiesis
• Hematopoiesis in the fetus occurs in the:
• Hematopoiesis after birth occurs in the:
 PRODUCTION OF FORMED
ELEMENTS
• All of the formed elements of blood are
derived from a single population of cells
called stem cells or hemocytoblasts.
Blood Cell Formation
 STEM CELLS AND CANCER
THERAPY
• Cancer therapy can result in the
distraction of non-tumor cells that divide
rapidly such as the stem cells.
RED BLOOD CELLS
 RED BLOOD CELLS
• Disk-shaped biconcave cells with edges
that are thicker than the cells’ center.
• During their development, RBCs lose their
nuclei and most of their organells.
• Lifespan?
• Main component
 RED BLOOD CELLS
• FUNCTION:
– Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
• Oxygen transport is accomplished by
hemoglobin.
 RED BLOOD CELLS
• Hemoglobin picks up oxygen in the lungs
and releases oxygen in other tissues
• Hemoglobin bound to oxygen is bright red
in color

Slide 003
 RED BLOOD CELLS
• Two-thirds of the body’s iron is found in
hemoglobin
• Women need more iron than men do
CARBON MONOXIDE
POISONING
Nausea
Headache
Unconsciousness
 RED BLOOD CELLS
• RBCs also play a role in carbon dioxide
transport
 RED BLOOD CELLS
• Life History of RBCs
– Under normal circumstances, about 2.5
million of RBCs are destroyed every second
– Proerythroblasts give rise to RBCs
 RED BLOOD CELLS
• RBC production
 RED BLOOD CELLS
• The process of RBC division requires
several nutrients.
 RED BLOOD CELLS
• RBC production is stimulated by low blood
oxygen levels.
 RED BLOOD CELLS
• How is RBCs removed from the
circulation?
WHITE BLOOD CELLS (WBC)
 White Blood Cells (WBCs)
• WBCs or leukocytes are spherical cells
that lack hemoglobin.
 White Blood Cells (WBCs)
• White blood cells can leave the blood and
move by ameboid movement through the
tissues.
 White Blood Cells (WBCs)
• Has 2 Functions
• Each WBC type is named according to its
appearance in stained preparations:
– Granulocytes
– Agranulocytes
 WBCs: Granulocytes
• 3 Types of granulocytes
– Neutrophils
– Basophils
– Eosinophils
GRANULOCYTES
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
AGRANULOCYTES
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Phagocytosis
PLATELETS
(THROMBOCYTES)
Platelets (Thrombocytes)
PREVENTING BLOOD LOSS
 Preventing Blood Loss
• When a blood vessel is damaged, blood
can leak into other tissues and interfere
with normal tissue function, or blood can
be lost from the body.
 Preventing Blood Loss
• Vascular spasm
• Platelet formation
• Blood clotting
 Vascular Spasm
• Is an immediate but temporary constriction
of a blood vessel from contraction of
smooth muscle within the wall of the blood
vessel.
• What does it do?
• What activates it?
 Platelet Plugs
• A platelet plug is an accumulation of
platelets that can seal a small break in the
blood vessel.
• It is very important in maintaining the
integrity of the circulatory system.
 Platelet Plugs
• Steps:
– Platelet adhesion
– Platelet release reaction
– Platelet aggregation
Platelet Plugs
Clinical Importance of Activating
Platelets
 Blood Clotting
• When a blood vessel is severely
damaged, blood clotting, or coagulation
results in formation of a clot.
 Blood Clotting
• What is a clot?
 Blood Clotting
• The formation of a blood clot depends on
clotting factors
• The process involves a complex process but
can be summarized in three main stages:
– Activation of clotting factors
– Formation of Thrombin
– Formation of Fibrin
 Blood Clotting
• Most of the clotting factors are
manufactured in the liver and most of them
require vitamin K for their synthesis.
• The process also requires Ca², and
chemicals released from platelets
Sources of Vitamin K
 Control of Clot Formation
• The blood contains several anticoagulants,
which prevents clotting factors from
forming clots.
– Ex: Antithrombin, Heparin
• There are enough anticoagulants in the
body, under normal circumstances.
The Danger of Unwanted Clots
• Thrombus and embolus formation
• Abnormal coagulation can be hindered by
administration of specific medications
 Clot Retraction
• After a clot has formed, it begins to
condense into a more compact structure
by a process known as clot retraction.
• Serum is squeezed out of the clot during
clot retraction
• What are the benefits of clot retraction?
 Fibrinolysis
• The process of dissolving clots
• Accomplished by plasmin
BLOOD GROUPING
 Blood Grouping
• Blood groups are determined by antigens
on the surface of RBCs.
– ABO blood groups
– RH blood groups
• Blood groups are important to determine
especially during a transfusion.
 Blood Grouping
• DEFINITION OF TERMS:
– Transfusion
– Infusion
– Transfusion reactions
– Antigens
– Antibodies
– Agglutination
– Hemolysis
ABO BLOOD GROUP
 ABO Blood Group
• The ABO blood system is used to categorize
human blood.
• A, B, and O antigenss appear on the surface of
the RBCs.
• 3 types:
– Type A
– Type B
– Type O
Slide 004