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Amino Acids Presentation File

Amino acids are important building blocks of proteins. There are 23 proteinogenic amino acids that are combined into polypeptide chains to form proteins. Amino acids contain an amine group, a carboxyl group, and an R group that differs for each amino acid. They can be classified as neutral, acidic, or basic depending on the properties of their side chains. Amino acids are also classified as essential or non-essential depending on whether the human body can synthesize them. The dipolar nature and isoelectric point of amino acids provide insight into their structure and properties. Amino acids have various industrial uses including as additives in animal feed, flavor enhancers, sweeteners, and in fertilizers,

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56 views

Amino Acids Presentation File

Amino acids are important building blocks of proteins. There are 23 proteinogenic amino acids that are combined into polypeptide chains to form proteins. Amino acids contain an amine group, a carboxyl group, and an R group that differs for each amino acid. They can be classified as neutral, acidic, or basic depending on the properties of their side chains. Amino acids are also classified as essential or non-essential depending on whether the human body can synthesize them. The dipolar nature and isoelectric point of amino acids provide insight into their structure and properties. Amino acids have various industrial uses including as additives in animal feed, flavor enhancers, sweeteners, and in fertilizers,

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Sam
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AMINO

ACIDS
Samaya Kumar Ojha
AMINO ACIDS

INTRODUCTION:-
• Amino acids are important constituent of proteins. The word protein is
derived from a Greek word “proteious” means prime important. These are
present in muscle, skin, hair & other tissues. Without protein life is not
possible. As enzyme they catalyze bio-chemical reactions, as hormones they
regulates metabolic process & as antibodies they resist and nullify the effects
of all toxic substances.
• Proteins are formed by Carbon, Oxygen, Sulphur & Nitrogen, in addition to
some halogens. Proteins on hydrolysis gives amino acids.
The 1st amino acid was discovered in1806 by French chemists LOUIS
NICOLAS VAUQUELIN & PIERRE JEAN ROBIQUET. They isolated a
compound from Asparagus that was subsequently named as Asparagine.
*
• Amino acids are biologically important organic compounds, containing
amine (-NH2) & (-COOH) group, along with a side chain –R group
specific to each amino acid. The key elements of amino acids are Carbon,
Hydrogen, Oxygen & Nitrogen. About 500 amino acids are known, but
there are 23 PROTEINOGENIC (Protein-Building) amino acids are present,
which are combines into peptide chains or polypeptides to form to form the
building blocks of a vast array of proteins. Out of 23 amino acids 20 are
encoded directly by triplet codons in the genetic code & are known as
“Standard amino acids”. The other 3 amino acids are known as “non-
standard/non-canonical” amino acids, which are present in many non
eukaryotes as well as most eukaryotes, but not coded directly by DNA.
In the form of proteins these are comprise the 2nd largest component
human body in the form of muscles, cells & other tissues. Amino acids
perform critical roles in processes such as Neurotransmitter & Biosynthesis.

 
Here –R may be alkyl, aryl, heterocyclic compounds or H. α – amino acids
are most important, because these are the constituent of proteins.
 
CLASSIFICATION:-
There are many ways to classified amino acids.
According to the core structural functional group’s location these are
classified into 3 types. Such s: α, β, γ or δ amino acids.
In other hand depending upon the nature of amino acids, these are also
classified into 3 types.
1. Neutral
2. Acidic
3. Basic
• There is another way of classification depending upon whether body can
synthesize or not.
Essential: Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Phenylalanine, Threonine,
Methionine, Tryptophan, Lysine, Arginine & Histidine.
Non-essential: Glycine, Alanine, Serine, Cysteine, Cystine, Tyrosine,
Proline, Hydroxyproline, Hydroxylysine, Aspartic acid, Aspargine, Glutamic
acid, Glutamine.
Out of 23 Proteinogenic amino acids, 10 are essential & 13 are non-essential
amino acids
These may be conditionally essential for certain ages or medical conditions.
Essential amino acids are may also differ between Species.
 
STRUCTURE:
1. Dipolar Nature: It has been found that amino acid molecules appears as a
dipole, one part carrying positive charge and the second negative charge.
This is known as Zwitterions or Internal salt. From German, Zwitter means
“Hermaphrodite” or “Hybrid”.
 
 
 
• Evidence in support of Dipolar Nature:
• These are insoluble in non-polar solvents & soluble in polar solvents like
water.
• This behaviour can be expected from polar substances.
• These are non-volatile crystalline solids, which having high m.p quite like
ionic substances.
• They have high dipole moment, indicating polar nature of molecule.

• Effect of pH on the structure:


When the solution of amino acid is made acidic, it gets converted into a
cation.
Also when the solution of amino acid is made basic, it converted to an
anion.
So, both the ion i.e cation & anion are in equilibrium with the Dipolar ion,
such that amino acids can still exhibit the properties of amines as well as
carboxylic acid.
2. Iso electric Point: The pH at which the amino aids or anode is called as Iso
electric point. Every amino acid has a characteristic Iso electric point.
Neutral 5.5 pH – 6.3 pH
Acidic > 3
Basic around 10

• Uses In Industry:
Amino acids used for variety applications in industry.
These are used as additives to animal feeds.
Ex: Glutamic acid is used as a flavour enhancer.
Aspartame (aspartyl phenylalanine-1-methyl ester) used as a low calorie
artificial sweetner.
• Amino acids chelate with metal cations in order to improve absorption of
minerals from supplements.
• The chelating ability of amino acids has been used as fertilizer for
agriculture to facilitate the delivery of minerals to plants
• It is also used to synthesize drugs & cosmetics. Some derivatives of amino
acids are used in Pharmaceutical industry
• 5-HTP (5-hydroxytryptophan) used for experimental treatment of
depression. Also L-DOPA (Laevo-dihydroxy phenylalanine) used for
Parkion Son’ treatment
• These are also used as biodegradable polymers. These are used as
environment friendly packaging of medicines.

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