Harvard Referencing

System

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 HARVARD REFERENCING
WHY YOU NEED TO REFERENCE YOUR
WORK:
 To give credit to original author of ideas
 To support & give credibility to your
work
 To show that you read the text and did IN-TEXT CITATIONS
the research
 Protect writer against plagiarism Whenever you
 So that others can find the information
paraphrase, use a direct
quote or summarise an
idea that came from
another source, you must
acknowledge this in your
text.

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 HARVARD REFERENCING
The reference list is
 List of sources referred to in work
At the end of document
In alphabetical order by the author’s last name.
 Bibliography is a list of sources read but not
necessarily used in work

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 In brief…why do we reference?

By providing references, you:

Demonstrate the scope of your study
Allow the reader to consult and
verify your sources of data
prevent plagiarism’
Pears and Shields (2005: 1)

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 What is plagiarism?
 Cheating!
 Changing into your own words doesn’t
make it your own work!
‘If you misrepresent the work of another as
your own and do not acknowledge or give
credit to the author, you are guilty of
academic dishonesty.’ (Pears and Shields 2005:
1)

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 What should I include in a reference?

That depends on the source! See the table

below:
Author Year of Title of Title of Issue Place of Publisher Edition Page URL Date
publicati article / publicati informati publicati number( accesse
on chapter on on on s) d

Book

Chapter

Journal
article

Official
doc

Internet
site
 In-text citation
 Just the author or authors’ surnames,
NEVER their initials!!! OR just the name
of the organisation.
 Just the year, NEVER the date,
volume/issue number, journal name,
WHATEVER!!!
 Include page numbers whenever you
cite a book.
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In-text citation at end of sentence -
examples
 Since the 1950s, the number of women who
smoke has increased dramatically (Action on
Smoking and Health 2013). Corporate author.
 Value chain analysis is a framework for
decomposing an organization (Chambers
2011). Individual author.
 The rapid advancement of technology and its
application to business has been
accompanied by a range of new terminology
(Smith and Simon 2008). Two authors.

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In-text citation at end of sentence -
examples
 The Internet has nearly destroyed some
industries (Roberts et al. 2006). Three
authors.
 Nurse education abounds with models of
care and practice (Seedhouse 2004: 45).
Corporate author of book – showing page
number.
 Obesity is a major contributory factor to the
onset of type two diabetes (Williams et al.
2012, Zulu 2009). More than one author in
same citation
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In-text citation at start of sentence -
examples
 According to figures from Action on Smoking and
Health (2013), the number of women who smoke
has increased dramatically since the 1950s.
 Chambers (2011: 58) states that an imperative in
wound care is the avoidance of tissue necrosis.
 The Department of Health (2012: 51-5) maintain
that improvement of critical care has been an
important focus for government policy.

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Secondary citation in text (citing a cited
source)
 Kolb (1984) cited in Knowles et al. (2005)
proposed a reflective cycle as the basis of learning
from experience.
OR
The four steps of the learning cycle are described
as concrete experience, observation and
reflection, formation of abstract concepts and
generalisation, and testing of concepts in new
situations (Kolb 1984, cited in Knowles et al.
2005).

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Secondary references in the reference
list

 The reference should include both sources

including the cited source e.g.:
Kolb, T. (1984) ‘Defining the essence of a
university: Lessons from higher education
branding.’ Higher Education, 57 (4): 449 – 462.
Cited in: Knowles, M. S., Holton, E. F. and
Swanson, R. A. (2005) The Adult Learner. 5th
edn. London: Heinemann.

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 In-text Citation
Types of in-text citation:
Direct Quote – using the
exact same words as the
original author
Paraphrasing - using the ideas
of an author, but not exact
words.
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 When To Use Direct Quote

When should I quote?

If every word is essential
The quotation will not make your text too long
You have not used many quotations already
Restricted to definitions and key concepts only
Example
‘International business consists of transactions that are
devised and carried out across national borders to
satisfy the objectives of individuals, companies and
organizations’ (Czinkota, Ronkainen and Moffett 2005:
5).

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 When To Paraphrase

When should I paraphrase?

 The author’s words will be difficult for your reader to
understand.
 Your reader is your lecturer and your lecturer wants
to know if you understand the author correctly.

Example
According to Czinkota, Ronkainen and Moffett (2005:
5), international business involves cross border
transactions that seek to achieve the objectives of
individuals, companies and governments.

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 Book reference
 Book (first edition)
 Surname, Initials. and Surname, Initials. (year). Title. Place of publication: Publisher.
E.g.: Berman Brown, R. and Saunders, M. (2008). Dealing with statistics: What you
need to know. Maidenhead: Open University Press.
 Book (other than first edition)
 Surname, Initials. and Surname, Initials. (year). Title. (# edn) Place of publication: Publisher. E.g.:
Morris, C. (2003). Quantitative approaches to business studies. (6th edn). London: Financial
Times Pitman Publishing.

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 Journal article

 Surname, Initials. and Surname, Initials. (year). Title of article.

Journal name. Vol. ##, No. ##, pp. ###–####. E.g. Storey, J.,
Cressey, P., Morris, T. and Wilkinson, A. (1997). Changing
employment practices in UK banking: case studies. Personnel
Review. Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 24–42. (hard copy journal)
 Illingworth, N. (2001). The Internet matters: exploring the use
of the Internet as a research tool. Sociological Research Online,
Vol. 6, No. 2. Available at http://www.socresonline.org.uk/6/2/
illingworth.html [Accessed 20 Mar. 2002]. (online journal)

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 Newspaper article

 Hawkes, S. Umbro slashes England shirt

production. The Times. 24 Nov. 2007, p.
63. (with author)
 The Times. Business big shot Steve
Mankin, 24 Nov. 2007, p. 63. (no obvious
author)

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 Government Publications

 United Kingdom. (2005). The Prevention of Terrorism

Act. London: The Stationery Office. (Parliamentary
papers including acts and bills)
 Department of Trade and Industry. (1992). The Single
Market: Europe Open for Professions, UK
Implementation. London: HMSO. (no obvious author)

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 Internet cite

 European Commission. (2007). Eurostat – structural

indicators. Available at
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page?_pageid
=1133,47800773
,1133_47802558&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL
[Accessed 27 Nov. 2007].

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 More ...In-Text References

Use letters after the date to

distinguish between sources by
the same author published in
the same year e.g. Greaves
(2012a) and Greaves (2012b)
for two journal articles written by
Greaves and published in 2012.
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 More …In-Text References
A citation is usually included at the end of a
sentence (Greaves 2004: 45)
Greaves (2004: 45 - 46) says that citations can be
written at the beginning or middle of a sentence as
well.
‘For direct quotes, use speech marks and state the
page number of the source in the reference.’
(Greaves 2004: 72)
Remember that what you put in the in-text citation
must direct the reader to the correct reference in
the references list.

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 APA Referencing System

 APA – American Psychological

Association
 Is an Author – Date system similar to
Harvard

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 In-text citation – Harvard Vs APA

Harvard Style APA Comment

(Lewis 2001) (Lewis, 2001) Note punctuation
(McDowal and Saunders (McDowal & Saunders, ‘&’ not ‘and’
2010) 2010)
(Altinay et al. 2014) (Altinay, Saunders & For 1st occurrence if 3 to 5
Wang, 2014) authors
(Millimore et al. 2007) (Millimore et al., 2007) For 1st occurrence if 6 or more
authors
(Tosey et al. 2012) (Tosey et al., 2012) For subsequent occurrences;
note punctuation

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 References – Harvard Vs APA
Harvard APA Comment
Berman Brown, R. and Saunders, Berman Brown, R. & Note use of ‘and’ and
M. (2008). Dealing with statistics: Saunders, M. (2008). ‘&’
What you need to know. Dealing with statistics:
Maidenhead: Open What you need to know.
University Press. Maidenhead: Open
University Press.
Illingworth, N. (2001). The Illingworth, N. (2001). The Note:
Internet Internet matters: Volume, part number
matters: exploring the use of the exploring the use of the and page numbers;
Internet as a research tool. Internet as a research DOI number given in
Sociological Research Online. Vol. tool. Sociological Research APA; date accessed nit
6, No. 2, pp368-76. [Accessed 20 Online. 6(2): 368-376. doi: given.
Mar. 2002 from Business Source 10.1177/0092070302125.
Complete].

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 Citation and referencing exercise 1
 Journal article details:
 Journal title and details: International Journal of Educational
Management, Issue number 6, Volume 13, pages 287 to 300,
published in July 2009.
 Article title: Sustainable competitive advantage for educational
institutions: a suggested model.
 Authors: Tim Mazzarol and Geoffrey Norman Soutar

 Article extract:
An important aspect of sustainable competitive
advantage is the ability of an enterprise to develop
strategies that cannot or will not be imitated by
competitors.
 Required:
1. Paraphrase the extract with citation at end of sentence.
2. Give the reference list entry for this citation.

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 Citation and referencing exercise 2
 Book publication details:
 Book title: Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition,
published in 2009 in London by Apprentice Hall
 Authors: Nigel Saunders, Adam Thornhill and Prisca Lewis
 Book extract from page 307:
Content analysis is an approach to the analysis of
documents and texts that seek to quantify content in
terms of predetermined categories and in a systematic and
replicable manner. This technique enables a researcher to
discern the importance of values or concepts by measuring
the frequency with which they occur.
 Required:
1. Write a direct quote of the definition of content analysis with citation at
beginning of sentence.
2. Give the reference list entry for this citation.

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 Citation and referencing exercise 3
Required: Log into the Bank of Zambia website i.e.
http://www.boz.zm/ and
1. Write a direct quote of the BOZ mission statement from
website with citation at beginning of sentence.
2. Give the reference list entry for this citation.

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