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Heredit Y: Inheritance and Variation of Traits

1. Cell division occurs through mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces diploid body cells while meiosis produces haploid gametes. 2. The cell cycle consists of interphase and the mitotic phase. Interphase includes gap 1, DNA synthesis, and gap 2 phases. Mitosis divides the cell into two identical daughter cells. 3. Meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half and consists of two cell divisions. The first division separates homologous chromosomes and the second separates sister chromatids. This results in four haploid cells.

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37 views42 pages

Heredit Y: Inheritance and Variation of Traits

1. Cell division occurs through mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces diploid body cells while meiosis produces haploid gametes. 2. The cell cycle consists of interphase and the mitotic phase. Interphase includes gap 1, DNA synthesis, and gap 2 phases. Mitosis divides the cell into two identical daughter cells. 3. Meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half and consists of two cell divisions. The first division separates homologous chromosomes and the second separates sister chromatids. This results in four haploid cells.

Uploaded by

Mae Ricaña
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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HEREDIT Inheritance and

Variation of
Traits
“The continuity of life depends on the
process of reproduction. Through this
process, parent cells produce new cells
like themselves”
CELL
DIVISION
The two major functions of cell division.
a. To create body cells (also called somatic
cells) that will maintain, replace, and
repair worn out cells.
b. To form gametes (eggs and sperm) for
sexual reproduction.
Body cells are diploid (2n).

Gametes (sex cells) are haploid (n).


TWO TYPES OF CELL DIVISION
1. Mitosis – is a process of nuclear division
wherein two genetically identical daughter cells
with the same number of chromosomes as their
parent cell are produced.

Mitosis has an important function in human body


growth. It is responsible for replacing dead cells,
repairing tissues, and healing wounds.
 Mitosis happens in body cells or somatic cells.
 Each daughter cell is diploid that has a complete
set of chromosomes
 The human karyotype has a set of 46
chromosomes.
 A karyotype has a number of chromosomes of
an organism and corresponding characteristics,
arranged in a particular pattern.
 The sex chromosomes in humans are X and Y.
 Females have two X chromosomes (XX)and
males have one X and one Y chromosomes
(XY). These chromosome (XY) determine the
sex of humans.
2. Meiosis – is another type of cell division
that generates sex cells (gametes).
 The parent cell divides into four
daughter cells that contain half the
number of the chromosomes (haploid
cells).
Chromosomes
 are darkly stained bodies within the nucleus
consisting of two sister chromatids, where one
is the exact copy of the other.
 The two chromatids are bonded together by a
constricted region called the Centromere.
 On its surface, we find the docking site for
spindle fibers called the Kinetochores.
THE CELL
CYCLE
3 EVENTS IN THE CELL CYCLE
 Cellular growth
 Chromosome replication, and
 Cellular reproduction
*It is a sequence of growth and
division of cells.
PHASES OF
CELL CYCLE
INTERPHASE
• non-dividing stage
• period of growth
with DNA replication
• Chromosomes are
duplicated in preparation
for cell division
INTERPHASE
• Divided into three(3) phases
 Gap 1 phase
 Synthesis phase
 Gap 2 phase
GAP 1 PHASE (G1 PHASE)
• Newly produced daughter cells
increase in size
• Prepare for DNA replication
SYNTHESIS PHASE (S PHASE)
• The most critical part of
interphase
• Cell’s DNA is synthesized and
replicated, to be distributed to
two (2) daughter cells during
division.
GAP 2 PHASE (G2 PHASE)
• Cells continue to grow and synthesize
RNA and protein
• Cells are checked if it is already
prepared for the mitosis
MITOSIS
• dividing stage
• period of
reproduction or
actual division
of the nucleus
MITOSIS
• Composed of four (4) phases
 Prophase (Early, Middle, Late)
 Metaphase
 Anaphase
 Telophase
PROPHASE
• Composed of 3 subdivisions
 Early
 Middle
 Late
METAPHASE
ANAPHASE
TELOPHASE
CYTOKINESIS
• Division of cytoplasm and plasma
membrane
• Following the division of nucleus
resulting in two(2) cells, each having its
own nucleus and cytoplasm surrounded
by a plasma membrane
CYTOKINESIS
• plant cell – cell plate
• Animal cell – cleavage furrow
MEIOSIS
• A form of cell division wherein cells
having a diploid chromosome number
(2n) produces gametes with a haploid
chromosome number (n).
• It occurs in two (2) stages: Meiosis I and
Meiosis I.
MEIOSIS I
• Also known as the reduction stage
• Synapsis and crossing-over occur
PROPHASE I METAPHASE I

SYNAPSIS and CROSSING- TETRADS move to the center of


OVER occur in homologous cell. (A tetrad is a pair of
chromosomes. homologous chromosomes, with
four chromatids.
HOMOLOGOUS
CHROMOSOME
• similar chromosome, but they are not
identical.
• Has the same genes in the same order
as the other homologue, but the
alleles for each trait may not be the
same in the homologous pair.
SYNAPSIS
• chromosome pair up with their
homologues for the cross-over to take
place.
• Allele – alternative form of gene
CROSSING-OVER
• Process wherein homologous
chromatids exchange genetic material
to ensure greater variety in gamete
formation.
ANAPHASE I TELOPHASE I

Homologous chromosomes
separates.
Each pole has a homologue
(two chromatids)
MEIOSIS II
• similar to mitosis, except that cells does
not undergo interphase anymore.
• Maintain the haploid number of
chromosomes and produces four (4)
genetically unique cells from one parent
cell.
PROPHASE II METAPHASE II

Each chromosome has Dyads move to the center of


sister chromatids. the cell. (A dyad consists of
two sister chromatids)
ANAPHASE II TELOPHASE II

Each pole has the haploid


Chromatids separate. number of chromosomes, one
of each kind of chromosome.

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