ENERGY EFFICIENT

SEARCH PROTOCOL By: Utsav Kakkad, 17MIT0001

SEARCH PROTOCOL
It is a hierarchical semi-centralised routing protocol in wireless sensor networks
A set of improvements over LEACH protocol which is the first cluster based routing
protocol
An unfavourable scenario occurring in LEACH was of no cluster head emerging
during a round of operation
SEARCH protocol avoids this by means of a refined G value updating rule
SEARCH thus assures an optimal number of cluster heads per round of operation
WHAT IS ROUTING IN TERMS
OF A WIRELESS SENSOR
NETWORK?
It involves sending the data collected by the sensor nodes to the base station ( called
sink)
Primarily routing protocols are of two types
Flat or centralized
Hierarchical
WHAT IS A CENTRALIZED
ROUTING PROTOCOL?
It is a routing protocol in which the central node has complete knowledge of the
network topology.
It is the central node which decides the routes to be taken while going from one node
to another
All the state information is sent to the central node
Very energy intensive because the complete network information has to be sent to a
central node
WHAT IS A HIERARCHICAL
ROUTING PROTOCOL?
In Hierarchical routing, the network is divided into clusters
Each cluster elects a cluster head.
It is the cluster head that transmits the information that it collects from the sensor
nodes to the base station.
Centralized routing protocols are much more energy intensive since the energy
expended to make a node aware of the status of the complete network is quite high.
In centralised WSN routing all the sensor nodes directly send their data to the base
station.
WHAT IS A SEMI-
CENTRALIZED ROUTING
PROTOCOL?
A node that is following semi-centralised routing algorithm has knowledge of only
the region of the network that concerns it.
Centralized routing protocols are much more energy intensive since the energy
expended to make a node aware of the status of the complete network is quite high.
In centralised WSN routing all the sensor nodes directly send their data to the base
station.
FLOWCHART OF THE SEARCH
PROTOCOL
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH
WSN ROUTING PROTOCOLS
LIKE LEACH
The number of dead nodes is too high
The average residual energy becomes zero all too quickly (within 15-20 rounds) i.e.
the network lifetime is found to be very short
Thus, we need Energy Efficiency in WSN routing so that a majority of the sensor
nodes remain alive till the end of the rounds of operation
WHY ENERGY EFFICIENCY?
Energy efficiency serves a two fold purpose:
Increases the network lifetime
Reduces the number of dead nodes since energy efficiency would mean a lesser
number of nodes would exhaust their energy and become dead
The reduction in the number of dead nodes is the reason why the network lifetime is
extended
A majority of the nodes remain functional by the end of the rounds of operation in
case of an energy efficient SEARCH protocol implementation in WSN routing
protocols
REFINED G VALUE UPDATING
RULE FOLLOWED IN SEARCH
REFINED G VALUE UPDATING
RULE FOLLOWED IN SEARCH
SEARCH protocol updates the G value when required so that there exist a sufficient
number of cluster head candidates
The number of sensor nodes having a non zero G value(t) is compared to the optimal
number of cluster heads(k)
If a node has a zero or less than zero G value, it can not be elected as a cluster head
If t<k , t candidates are selected as cluster heads and G value of the remaining nodes
is updated
Remaining k-t candidates are chosen from among the nodes whose G value has been
updated
REFINED G VALUE UPDATING
RULE FOLLOWED IN SEARCH
CONTD.
If t is found to be greater than k , k cluster heads are immediately picked
RANDOM ARRANGEMENT OF
SENSOR NODES
CHANGES PROPOSED TO THE
ORIGINAL SEARCH PROTOCOL
One of the changes proposed is that only advanced nodes are eligible to be a cluster
head.
Advanced nodes have a greater amount of initial energy
The transmission of data to the sink(base station) would consume a great amount of
energy
The election of advanced nodes only as a cluster head would reduce the number of
dead nodes in the network
Further, the partitioning of the network into separate clusters serves to increase the
energy efficiency and fault tolerance of the network as well as increasing the
network lifetime.
PROPOSED ARRANGEMENT OF
SENSOR NODES-I
PROPOSED ARRANGEMENT OF
SENSOR NODES-II
REASONS BEHIND
ARRANGEMENT-II
Reduction in the distance to the sink
A small reduction in the distance can lead to a lower energy dissipation and a greater
energy conservation
Since the energy that is dissipated is proportional to d2 for distance d less than the
threshold distance & when the threshold distance is more than the threshold distance
it is proportional to d4
A node coming in between the cluster head and the sink would help in reducing the
distance from the cluster head to the sink
This would result in a lower amount of energy being dissipated and hence would
also increase the network lifetime
ARRANGEMENT-III
Arrangement-III uses the same arrangement of the sensor nodes, helper nodes as
well as the same position of the sink.
The difference here is the way the cluster heads are elected.
The cluster heads are elected on the basis of the minimum distance to the respective
helper nodes/secondary sinks.
This would result in the saving the energy of the cluster head.
This means that the cluster head would remain alive for a longer period of time.
SIMULATION RESULTS
The proposed method with secondary sinks as well as the shortest distance of the
cluster heads to helper nodes exhibits the lowest drop in the average residual energy
per round.
It also exhibits the lowest number of dead nodes per round
The proposed methodology exhibits the higher number of packets sent to the cluster
head as well as the base station.
AVERAGE RESIDUAL ENERGY
PER ROUND
NUMBER OF DEAD NODES PER
ROUND
PACKETS SENT TO THE BASE
STATION PER ROUND
PACKETS TO CLUSTER HEADS
CONCLUSIONS
Higher residual energy is observed throughout all the rounds of operation in the
proposed topology with helper nodes as well as the lowest distance from the helper
nodes to the base station.
This is because of two factors:
The reduction of the distance to the helper nodes results in much less energy being
depleted by the cluster heads.
The above factor helps in the reduction of the number of dead nodes
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