Elements of Cellular Radio

System Design

Dr.C.Kamalanathan Mr.Anne Gowda A B

Associate Professor Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics and Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering Communication Engineering
GITAM School of Technology GITAM School of Technology
GITAM University, Bengaluru Campus GITAM University, Bengaluru Campus
Evocation
List of Topics
 General description of the problem

 Concept of frequency channels

 Co-channel Interference Reduction Factor

 Desired C/I from a normal case in a Omni directional Antenna

system

 Cell splitting

 Consideration of the components of Cellular system

Objective of this Module
Students will be able

• To understand the basic concept of elements of cellular

radio system design.

• To recognize the Limitations of Conventional Mobile

telephone systems.

• To explain the spectrum efficiency considerations.

Outcome of this Module
Students will be able

• To explain the conventional mobile systems and a basic

cellular system.
General Description of the Problem
 The limitation in the cellular system is the
frequency resource, the challenge is to serve
the greatest number of customers with a
specified system quality.

 Based on the concept of efficient spectrum

utilization, the cellular mobile radio system
design can be broken down into many elements,
and each element can be analyzed and related
to the others.
The major elements of Cellular Mobile
Radio Design
The concept of frequency reuse channels

The Co-channel Interference Reduction

Factor

The desired carrier to interference ratio.

The handoff mechanism, and

Cell splitting
 Challenge ‐
to serve the greatest number of customers
  with a specified system quality
1. How many customers can we serve in a 
busy hour?
 
2. How many subscribers can we take into 
our  system? 

3. How many frequency channels do we 
need? 
Maximum Number of Calls per Hour
per Cell

To calculate the predicted number of calls

per hour per cell Q in each cell, the
following parameters are required

• The size of the cell

• The traffic conditions in the cell

Maximum Number of Frequency 
Channels Per Cell
• The maximum number of frequency channels per cell N is
closely related to an average calling time in the system.
• The standard user’s calling habits may change as a result of
the charging rate of the system and the general income
profile of the users.
• If an average calling time T is 1.76 min and the maximum
calls per hour per cell is Qi, then the offered load can be
derived as
A = Qi*T/60 (Erlangs)

• If the blocking probability is given, then it is easy to find

the required number of radios in each cell.
•   If
a large area is covered by 28 cells, Kt = 28 the
total number of customers in the system
increases.

• Therefore, we may assume that the number of

subscribers per cell Mi is somehow related to the
percentage of car phones used in the busy hours
and the number of calls per hour per cell Qi as
=f()

• Where the value Qi is a function of the blocking

probability B, the average calling time T, and the
number of channels N.
Qi= f(B, T, N)
Problem1
The maximum number of calls per hour Qi in one cell be
3000 and average calling time T be 1.76 min.The
blocking probability B is 2%.Calculate offered load and
number of channels required per cell.
Solution:
A = Qi*T/60

A=3000x1.76/60
A=88 erlangs.
With the blocking probability 2%,the number of channels
per cell can be found from erlang B table.
N=100
Problem2
The maximum number of calls per hour Qi in one cell be
28000 and average calling time T be 1.76 min.The
blocking probability B is 2%.Calculate offered load and
number of channels required per cell.
Solution:
A = Qi*T/60

A=28000x1.76/60
A=821 erlangs.

With the blocking probability 2%,the number of channels

per cell can be found from erlang B table.

N=820 channels per cell

Problem3
•If
  there are 50 channels in a cell to handle all the calls
and the average is 100 s per call, how many calls can be
handled in this cell with a blocking probability of 2%?
Solution:
N=50,B=2%.
Offered load can be found by erlang B table as
A=40.3 erlangs

The number of calls per hour in a cell is

=
=1451 calls per hour
Concept of Frequency Reuse Channels
 A radio channel consists of a pair of frequencies, one for each direction of
transmission that is used for full- duplex operation.
 A particular radio channel, say F1, used in one geographic zone as named it a
cell, say C1, with a coverage radius R can be used in another cell with the same
coverage radius at a distance D away.
 Frequency reuse is the core concept of the cellular mobile radio system.
 In this frequency reuse system, users in different geographic locations
(different cells) may simultaneously use the same frequency channel.
 The frequency reuse system can drastically increase the spectrum
efficiency, but if the system is not properly designed, serious interference
may occur.
 Interference due to the common use of the same channel is called co-channel
interference and is our major concern in the concept of frequency reuse.
Frequency reuse schemes
• The frequency reuse concept can be used in the time domain and
the space domain.
• Frequency reuse in the time domain results in the occupation of the
same frequency in different time slots. It is called time division
multiplexing (TDM).
• Frequency reuse in the space domain can be divided into two
categories.
1. Same frequency assigned in two different geographic areas, such
as A.M or FM radio stations using the same frequency in
different cities.
2. Same frequency repeatedly used in a same general area in one
system - the scheme is used in cellular systems. There are many co-
channel cells in the system. The total frequency spectrum allocation
is divided into K frequency reuse patterns, as illustrated in Fig. for
K = 4, 7, 12, and 19.
The Concept of Frequency Reuse Channels:
N-cell Reuse Pattern
Frequency Reuse Distance:

•  The minimum distance that allows the same frequency to be reused

will depend on many factors, such as the number of co-channel cells
in the vicinity of the center cell, the type of geographic terrain
contour, the antenna height, and the transmitted power at each
cell site.
• The frequency reuse distance can be determined from

Where K is the frequency reuse pattern as shown in the fig

K=
R is the coverage radius of the cell.

D=
Contd..
•  If all the cell sites transmit the same power, then K increases and
the frequency reuse distance D increases.
• This increased D reduces the chance that cochannel interference
may occur.
• Theoretically, a large K is desired. However, the total number of
allocated channels is fixed. When K is too large, the number of
channels assigned to each of K cells becomes small.
• It is always true that if the total number of channels in K cells is
divided as K increases, trunking inefficiency results. The same
principle applies to spectrum inefficiency: if the total numbers of
channels are divided into two network systems serving in the same
area, spectrum inefficiency increases.
• Obtaining the smallest number K involves estimating cochannel
interference and selecting the minimum frequency reuse distance
D to reduce cochannel interference. The smallest value of K is K =
3, obtained by setting i = 1, j = 1 in the equation
K=
Number of customers in the system
• 

Where =Total number of calls per hour in all 10 cells.

Qi=Number of calls per hour in ith cell.
• Assume that 60% of car phones will be used during the
busy hour ,on average ,one call per phone (=0.6) if that
phone is used.
• Total allowed subscriber traffic can be obtained by

Where is the percentage of car phones used in the busy hours

Contd.,
Consider a K=7 cell reused pattern as shown in above figure.
• To find the distance between two co-channel cells (D) consider the new axis’s
U and V are passing through center of hexagonal sides.

• To find the distance of a point P(u,v) from origin use X-Y to U-V co-ordinate
transformation
Contd.,
Contd.,
Contd.,

 If all the cell sites transmit the same power, then K increases and the
frequency reuse distance D increases. This increased D reduces the chance
that co-channel interference may occur.

 Theoretically, a large K is desired. However, the total number of allocated

channels is fixed.

 When K is too large, the number of channels assigned to each of K cells

becomes small. It is always true that if the total number of channels in K
cells is divided as K increases, trunking inefficiency results.
Cochannel Interference Reduction Factor
Assume that the size of all cells is roughly the same.
 The cell size is determined by the coverage area of the signal strength in
each cell.
 As long as the cell size is fixed, co-channel interference is independent of
the transmitted power of each cell.
 It means that the received threshold level at the mobile unit is adjusted to
the size of the cell.
 Actually, co-channel interference is a function of a parameter q defined as
q=(D/R)
 The parameter q is the co-channel interference reduction factor.
 When the ratio q increases, co-channel interference decreases.
 Further more, the separation D is a function of KI and C/I
Where KI is the number of co-channel interfering cells in the first tier
&
C/I is the received carrier-to-interference ratio at the desired
mobile receiver.
Cochannel Interference Reduction Factor
 In a fully equipped hexagonal-shaped cellular system, there are always six co-
channel interfering cells in the first tier, as shown in Fig,
 that is, KI=6 Co-channel interference can be experienced both at the cell site and at
mobile units in the center cell.
 Therefore, the co-channel interference from the second tier of interfering cells is
negligible.

 Where qk is the co-channel interference reduction

factor with k^th co-channel interfering cell
Desired C/I From A Normal Case In an
Omnidirectional Antenna System
There are two cases to be considered:
(1) The signal and co-channel interference received by the mobile unit and
(2) The signal and co-channel interference received by the cell site.
 Both cases are shown in Fig below.
 Nm, and Nb are the local noises at the mobile unit and the cell site,
respectively.
 Usually, Nm and Nb are small and can be neglected as compared with the
interference level.
Desired C/I From A Normal Case In an
Omnidirectional Antenna System
 As long as the received carrier-to-interference ratios at both the mobile unit
and the cell site are the same, the system is called a balanced system.
 In a balanced system, we can choose either one of the
two cases to analyze the system requirement; the results from one
case are the same for the others.
 Assume that all Dk are the same for simplicity, then D = Dk , and q = qk , and
Desired C/I From A Normal Case In an
Omnidirectional Antenna System
 Normal cellular practice is to specify C/I to be 18 dB or higher based on
subjective tests.
 Because a C/I of 18 dB is measured by the acceptance of voice quality from
present cellular mobile receivers.

This is because q is not a function of transmitted power. The factor q can

be related to the finite set of cells K in a hexagonal-shaped cellular
system by

 Substituting q from Eq. (4) into Eq. (5) yields K=7

 Equation (6) indicates that a seven-cell reuse pattern is needed for a C/I of 18
dB.
Handoff Mechanism
 It is a unique feature that allows cellular systems to operate as effectively as
demonstrated in actual use.
 There are two kinds of handoffs, hard and soft.
 The hard handoff is “brake before make.” The soft handoff is “make before brake.”
 Two co-channel cells using the frequency F1 separated by a distance D are shown in
Fig. The radius R and the distance D are governed by the value of q.
 Now we have to fill in with other frequency channels such as F2, F3, and F4
between two co-channel cells in order to provide a communication system in the
whole area.
 The fill-in frequencies F2, F3, and F4 are also assigned to their corresponding
cells C2, C3,and C4 according to the same value of q.
 Suppose a mobile unit is starting a call in cell C1 and then moves to C2.

 The call can be dropped and reinitiated in the frequency channel from F1 to F2
while the mobile unit moves from cell C1 to cell C2.
 This process of changing frequencies can be done automatically by the system
without the user’s interference.
Handoff Mechanism
Cell Splitting
 Cell splitting is the process of subdividing a congested cell into smaller cells with
their own base stations.
 Then it reduces in the antenna height and transmitted power.
 Splitting the cells reduces the cell size and thus more number of cells has to be
used.
 More number of cells => more number of clusters => more number of channels=>
Higher capacity.
 Cell Splitting
Example:
 Suppose the congested service area is originally covered by 3 cells and each cell contains
80 channels. Capacity= 3X80= 240.
 Usually the new radius is one-half the original radius.
 After cell splitting the radius of new cell RNew= R/2.
 After cell splitting we have 19 cells as shown below.
 Now new capacity= 19X80= 1520.

If you observe
the above
figures after
cell splitting it
covers the entire
area as
compared to
before cell
splitting. The
capacity also
increased from
240 to 1520.
Types of Cell Splitting
There are two kinds of cell-splitting techniques:
Permanent splitting:
• The installation of every new split cell has to be planned ahead of
time; the number of channels, the transmitted power, the assigned
frequencies, the choosing of the cell-site selection, and the traffic
load consideration should all be considered.
• When ready, the actual service cut-over should be set at the
lowest traffic point, usually at midnight on a weekend. Hopefully,
only a few calls will be dropped because of this cut-over, assuming
that the downtime of the system is within 2 h.
Dynamic splitting:
• This scheme is based on using the allocated spectrum efficiency in
real time.
• The algorithm for dynamically splitting cell sites is a tedious job,
as we cannot afford to have one single cell unused during cell
splitting at heavy traffic hours
Types of Cell Splitting
Consideration Of The Components Of Cellular
Systems
Consideration Of The Components Of Cellular
Systems
 The elements of cellular mobile radio system design have been mentioned in
the previous sections.

 Here we must also consider the components of cellular systems, such as

mobile radios, antennas, cell-site, base-station controller, and MTSO. They
would affect our system design if we do not choose the right one.

 The general view of the cellular system is shown in above Fig. Even though
the EIA (Electronic Industries Association) and the FCC have specified
standards for radio equipment at the cell sites and the mobile sites, we still
need to be concerned about that equipment.