LAW ENFORCEMENT

ADMINISTRATION

1
LEA is the most comprehensive area in the
criminology board examination carrying a
weight of 20 % from the total percentage in
the scoring system.

2
 COVERAGE
 Police Org, Mgmt & Admin w/ special focus on
R.A 6975 and R.A 8551 (and new NCs)
 Personnel (Human Resources Management)
 Police Planning & Patrol Operations
 Police Communication Systems (PCS)
 Community Relations (PCR)
 Police Intelligence & Secret Service
 Security Management (Industrial Scty Mgmt)
 Comparative Police Systems
3
SCOPE- Pertinent laws and issuance, principles,
concepts, procedure, methods and techniques in the
management, administration, and operation of a
police organization. Specifically it includes the history
of policing, police organization and administration
with special focus on Republic Act No. 6975, as
amended, police patrol operations with police
communication system, police intelligence, police
personnel and records management and
comparative police systems.
4
It includes also the study of the organization,
administration and operation of security agencies
under the Private Security Agency Law and its
Implementing Rules and Regulations; loss prevention
and assets, protection program through different
security methods and techniques such as physical
security, personnel security document and
information security, risk analysis and security
hazard, and security survey, inspection and
investigations.

5
 PART ONE

THE DEVELOPMENT OF POLICE SYSTEMS

6
 QUESTIONS

1. What is meant by the Greek word “politeia”?

A. State of the Nation
B. Nationhood or Cityhood
C. Government of a City
D. Police Officers
2. Which society first use the word “Police” to
mean person who enforce the law?
A. Greeks B. French
C. Germans D. English
7
 POLICING SYSTEMS

Basic Concepts
Police – “Politeia” G, government of a city
“Politia” R, same meaning above
“Polizei” Gr, Safe keepers (territory)
“Police” F, persons to enforce law
**borrowed by the English and Americans to
refer to LAW ENFORCER.
** constable, patrol, F in origin

8
 QUESTIONS

3. In the history of law enforcement, which one

is considered the earliest codified law?
A. Code of King Hammurabi
B. 12 Tabulae
C. The Sumerian Code
D. Code of Kalantiao
4. An ancient police system used by the Greeks.
A. Medjays B. Ephori
C. Tythingmen D. Vigiles
9
 Historical Background
 2300 B.C – Sumerians Lipithstar & Eshumma – set
standards on what constituted an offense against
society – the Sumerian Code
 2100 B.C – Babylonians – Code of King Hammurabi –
Principle LEX TALIONES – oldest harsh code.
 1500 B.C – Egyptians – Court system presided by
judges appointed by the Pharoah; Marine patrol &
custom house officers protecting commerce started;
first use of dog patrol; Medjays – civilian police under the
command of a military.
Ancient Greece – Ephori – law enforcers

10
 QUESTION

5. What was the earliest Roman law?

A. The Justinian Code
B. Code of Draco
C. 12 Tabulae
D. Anglo-Saxon Law

11
 Ancient Rome – 12 Tabulae (12 Tables) – the first
written laws, Emperor Augustus – created the
Praetorian Guard, Urban Cohorts (City Patrol),
and the Vigiles (fire fighters); Emperor Justinian –
Justinian Code became known as
Corpus Juris Civilis (Body of Law)

**Vigiles –first civilian police force which keep the

peace very ruthlessly, hence the word vigilantes

12
 Anglo-Saxon (England: 849-899) -Time of King Alfred
** Tun Policing – Tun (Town); Frankpledge system - 10
male residents as guardians of the town known
as tythings (10 families).
** Hue and Cry – Complainant shouts for the
mandatory assembly of men to catch the culprit,
horn – oldest known warning device
** Royal Judge – investigates and punishes
** Trial by Ordeal – painful test of guilt/innocence

13
 Normal Period of Policing
**Shire-Rieve – shire (district/country) rieve (ruler)
later called Sheriff– England was divided into 55
military districts under the control of a rieve.
**Travelling Judge – renders judgment and gives
punishment
** Leges Henri – Law of King Henri I – policemen
were considered public officials
** Magna Carta – laws with the demand of the
Knights of the Round Table – beginning of
national/local government and legislation
14
Winchester Period
**Statute of Winchester- 1285 – Watchmen
(16 heads) - **Statute of 1295 – gate of London
close at sundown – curfew system adopted
** Justice of the Peace – a position with power to
arrest, pursue and impose punishment
**Star Chamber Court – special court to try
offenses against the state.

15
**Keepers of the Peace – time of King Richard
appoint – Knights to keep the King’s Peace
** The Charlies – time of King Charles – appoint – night
watchers known as Bellmen - on duty from sunset to
sunrise
** Bow Street Runner – time of Henry Fielding,
appointment of foot patrol, horse patrol
(mounted patrol).

16
Modern Period of Policing
**Metropolitan Police Act of 1829 –
modernize the police system of England; creation
of Scotland Yard – Robert Peel
“Father of Modern Policing”

17
 In France
 16th Century - Paris had two patrols: Citizen Night Guard;
and the Royal Guard for the king’s protection. The Guard
motto that even today is on the French police emblem
“Vigilat ut Quiescant” - “He watches that they may sleep”
They were also called GENDARMIE – slang for police officers
 1791 - The position of “Officers de Paix” was formed
(origin of “Peace Officer”)
 The first French Police Officers - Sergent de Ville’ - servant
of the city
In Italy and Spain
 Italian – Carabinieri
 Spanish – Guardia Civil

18
 In the United States

 Boston, 1636 – formed the first “Night Watch” –

they were called “Leathermen”

 Philadelphia, 1833 – instituted the first daytime,

paid police service

 New York, 1844 – organized the first modern

American police force based on the English
Metropolitan police.

19
 Development of Policing in the Philippines

 Pre-Spanish – policing is tribal in nature

 1712 – Carabineros de Seguridad Publico –
the mounted police
 1836 – Guardrilleros – rural police
 1852 – Guardia Civil – town police
 1901 - Organic Act # 175 – Phil. Constabulary under
Capt. Henry T. Allen – first Chief
 1917 – PC Filipinization – Brig. Gen. Rafael
Crame – First Filipino Chief of PC

20
 1935 – PC Personnel were absorbed by the
Philippine Army
 1936 – Commonwealth Act #88 created the
State Police
 1938 – Commonwealth Act #343 – reconstituted
the Philippine Constabulary – PC became an
independent National Police Force
 1939 - The Manila Police Department introduced
the bicycle patrol.

21
 Japanese Occupation
 1941 - The Japanese Military Police (Kempetai)
took over MPD.

Liberation Period
 1945 - The MPD was reconstituted and placed
under American control. Col. Marcus Ellis Jones
became the Chief of Police of the MPD.

22
• Aug. 1966 – RA 4864 – Police Act of 1966 –
Creation of the Police Commission - POLCOM
• 1975 – PD 765 – integration of the
national police - the PC/INP became the nucleus of a
united police force in the country
• 1990 – R.A. 6975 – Creation of the Philippine
National Police (PNP) that is civilian in character and
national in scope (Constitution)

23
 1998 – RA 8551 – PNP Reform & Reorganization Act
dubbed as the “PNP Professionalization”.

Most Recent

24
 BOARD QUESTIONS

1. The law that provides the National Police

Commission to conduct Police examination is
A.R.A 2260 B. R.A 6040
C. R.A 4864 D. R.A 6141
2. Automobile patrol was introduced in the
Philippines on __
A. May 17, 1954 B. May 17, 1939
C. May 17, 1953 D. May 17, 1940

25
 PART TWO

CONCEPTS ON POLICE ORGANIZATION,

MANAGEMENT & ADMINISTRATION

26
Organization – group – formal or informal
** Formal – structured
** Informal – non structured

Administration – process of POSDCRB

Management – resources (5Ms)

27
 Police Organization

A group of trained personnel in the field of

public safety administration engaged in the
achievement of goals and objectives that
promotes the maintenance of peace and
order, protection of life and property,
enforcement of the laws and the prevention of
crimes.
28
Line Type Organization
(military type; simplest type)

29
Functional Type Organization

(specialized; functional managers)

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Line and Staff Type Organization

combination of line & functional

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Police Management
Pertains to the utilization of available resources in an
organization. (5Ms)

Police administration
Refers to the processes used in the organiztion
(POSDCRB/POSDC)

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> POSDCRB

Planning - setting performance objectives

Organizing - dividing the work to be done
Staffing - filling the org with the right people/position
Directing - making decisions
Coordinating – interrelating various parts of work
Reporting – keeping executives informed
Budgeting – fiscal planning, accounting, and control

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 Approaches in Managing
Police Organizations

Classical Approach

** Scientific Management - (F. Taylor) focus

on workers productivity
** Bureaucratic Management - (M.Weber)
focus on division of labor and hierarchy of
authority
** Administrative Mgmt - (H. Fayol)
the 14 management principles

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 The 14 Management Principle (FAYOL)
 Division of Work
 Authority and Responsibility - right to command
 Discipline
 Unity of Command
 Unity of Direction
 Subordination of individual interest to general interest
 Remuneration of Personnel
 Centralization
 Scalar Chain
 Order
 Equity
 Stability of personnel tenure
 Initiative
 Espirit de Corps

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 Human Relations Approach
(Elton Mayo) – increase productivity
Behavioral Science Approach
(A. Maslow) – Hierarchy of Needs theory
(McGregor) – Theory X & Y

X - (lazy) Y – (hard worker)

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Contemporary Approach
- looking at the organization as a system
(system theory)
- recognizing internal and external variables
affecting organization (contingency theory)

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PRINCIPLES of Police Organization

 Specialization - grouping of activities and

segregation of line, staff, and auxiliary functions.
 Hierarchy of Authority - formal relationship

among supers and subordinates in any organization

 Span of Control - maximum number of

subordinates at a given position

 Delegation of Authority - conferring of an amount of

authority by a superior position to a subordinate

 Unity of Command – command should come

from one superior only

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 ORGANIZATIONAL TERMINOLOGIES

Functional Units
 Bureau – the largest organic functional unit within a large
department. It comprises of numbers of divisions.
Division – a primary subdivision of a bureau.
Section – functional unit within a division that is necessary
for specialization.
Unit – functional group within a section; or the smallest
functional group with in an organization.

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 Territorial Units
 
Post – a fixed point or location to which an officer is assigned for duty,
such as a designated desk or office or an intersection or cross walk
from traffic duty. It is a spot location for general guard duty.
Route – a length of streets designated for patrol purposes. It is also
called LINE BEAT.
Beat – An area assigned for patrol purposes, whether foot or motorized.
Sector – An area containing two or more beats, routes, or posts.
District – a geographical subdivision of a city for patrol purposes, usually
with its own station.
Area – a section or territorial division of a large city each comprised of
designated districts.

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OTHER TERMINOLOGIES

 Sworn Officers – all personnel of the police department who have

oath and who posses the power to arrest.
 Superior Officer - one having supervisory responsibilities, either
temporarily or permanently, over officers of lower rank.
 Commanding Officer - an officer who is in command of the
department, a bureau, a division, an area, or a district.
 Ranking Officer - the officer who has the more senior rank/higher
rank in a team or group.
 Length of Service - the period of time that has elapsed since the
oath of office was administered.
 On Duty - the period when an officer is actively engaged in the
performance of his duty.

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 Leave of Absence - period, which an officer is excused from active duty by
any valid/acceptable reason, approved by higher authority.
 Sick Leave - period which an officer is excused from active duty by reason
of illness or injury.
 Suspension - a consequence of an act which temporarily deprives an
officer from the privilege of performing his duties as result of violating
directives or other department regulations.
 Department Rules - rules established by department directors/supervisors
to control the conduct of the members of the police force.
 Duty Manual - describes the procedures and defines the duties of officers
assigned to specified post or position.
 Order - an instruction given by a ranking officer to a subordinate, either a.
General Order, b. Special, or c. Personal
 Report - usually a written communication unless otherwise specifies to be
verbal reports; verbal reports should be confirmed by written
communication.

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 THE PNP ORGANIZATIONAL SET UP

PNP Staff and Support Units

 The Chief of the Philippine National Police  

 Deputy Chief of Philippine National Police for Administration
 Deputy Chief of Philippine National Police for Operations
 The Chief of Directorial Staff

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Directorial Staff (Functional Staff)
 
1.      Directorate for Personnel - Record Management
2.      Directorate for Intelligence
3.      Directorate for Operations
4.      Directorate for Investigation
5.      Directorate for Logistics
6.      Directorate for Plans
7.      Directorate for Comptrollership
8.      Directorate for Police Community Relations
9.      Directorate for Human Resources and Doctrine Development
10.    Directorate for Research and Development

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Administrative Support Units
 
1.      Logistic Support Service Legal Service
2.      Medical and Dental Service
3.      Computer Service
4.      Crime Laboratory Support Service
5.      Engineering Service
6.      Headquarters Support Service
7.      Finance Service
8.      Communications-Electronics Service
9.      Captain Service

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Operational Support Units
 
1.      Criminal Investigation
2.      Narcotics Command absorbed into the PDEA
3.      Traffic Management
4.      Intelligence
5.      Special Action Force
6.      Security
7.      Civil Security Force
8.      Maritime
9.      Police Community Relations
10.    Aviation Security
 

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 Ranking System
COMMISSIONED OFFICERS

Director General (DG) General

Deputy Director General (DDG) Lt General
Director (DIR) Maj General
Chief Superintendent (CSUPT) Brig.Gen.
Senior Superintendent (SR SUPT) Colonel
Superintendent (SUPT) Lt Colonel
Chief Inspector (CINSP) Major
Senior Inspector (SR INSP) Captain
Inspector (INSP) Lieutenant

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 NCOs
Senior Police Officer IV (SPO IV) Master Sergeant
Senior Police Officer III (SPO III) Tech. Sergeant
Senior Police Officer II (SPO II) Staff Sergeant
Senior Police Officer I (SPO I) Sergeant
Police Officer III (PO III) Corporal
Police Officer II (PO II) Private 1st Class
Police Officer I (PO I) Private

Cadets of the Philippine National Police Academy (PNPA) are

classified above the Senior Police Officer IV and below the
Inspector rank in the PNP.

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49
The OLD vs. the NEW

What is Traditional Policing?

The old system or concept of policing whereby
policemen are looked upon as an authority
representing the government it serve rather
than as a servant of the community. Here, The police
organization is used as protector of
“the few” instead of “the many”.

50
 Yardstick of Police Efficiency
and Effectiveness

The main traditional purpose of the police is to

protect the authority (the government).

Hence, the yardstick of measuring police efficiency

under this kind of policing is the number of people
arrested of crimes and the number of people jailed.
“The more people arrested and thrown to jail, the more the
police organization is effective and efficient”.

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Comparing the old and new concepts …
 The Political Era

 The Reform Era

 The Community Era

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The Political Era (1840-1930)
The police forces were characterized by:
 Authority coming from politicians and the law

 A broad social service function

 Decentralized organization

 An intimate relationship with the community

 Extensive use of foot patrol

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The Reform Era (1930-1980)

The police forces were characterized by:

 Authority coming from the law and
professionalism
 Crime control as their primary function
 A centralized and efficient organization
 Emphasis on preventive motorized patrol and
rapid response to crime

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The Community Era (1980’s-present)

Under this era of policing, police forces are

characterized by:
 Authority coming from community support,

law and professionalism

 Provision of broad range of police services, including

crime control
 Decentralized organization

 An intimate relationship with the community

 Use of problem-solving approach

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 Traditional vs Community Policing

Who are the Police?

Traditional Community

A government agency Police are the public

for law enforcement and the public are the
police

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 The Traditionalist The Community Oriented

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 PART THREE

PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT
(HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT)

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POLICE PERSONNEL
IN RE: R.A 8551

Flow of Personnel Career Pointers:

RECRUITMENT PROCESS - Citizenship
Note: Qualifications - Morality
- Eligibility
- Education
SELECTION PROCESS - Age
Note: Procedures/Tests - Height
Pointers:
- Agility
- Weight
- Medical
- NP
- Interview

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 APPOINTMENT
Note: Nature of Appointment
Appointing Authorities
TRAINING
Note: Standards of Training
Field Training
In Service Training
APPRAISAL
Note: Purposes
Standards of Evaluation

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 PROMOTION
Note: System of
promotion
Kinds of Promotion
ASSIGNMENT
Note: Purpose
Powers/Authorities

Salaries, Benefits, Privileges

Note: Incentives/Awards
Pays/Allowances
Retirement Benefit

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 INSPECTION
Note: Types
Powers/Authorities to Inspect

Authorities:
Internal (w in units) CPNP, RD, PD, CD, COP,
External (w in community) HRDD, IAS, NAPOLCOM

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 DISCIPLINARY MECHANISMS
Note: LCE, PLEB, IAS,
COP, RD, C/PNP
Admin Offenses
LCE – Mayor/Governor
Employ – Utilize PNP elements
Deploy – Physical movement
PLEB – Central receiving office
of all citizen’s complaint
Composition – 5 Note:
Term of office – 3 years Citizen’s Complaint (PLEB)
Breach of Internal Discipline
Forum Shopping

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 IAS Power
Inspect, Investigate, Summary Hearing,
Filing Cases, Assist Ombudsman

IAS Entry – Voluntary (5 years experience)

IAS Head – Inspector General (Civilian)

NAPOLCOM RAB/NAB
RAB – hear decision from PLEB, RD, Mayor
NAB – hear decision from CPNP

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 Administrative Offenses
Imposable Penalties
 Light Offenses  Reprimand
 Forfeiture of Privilege
 Less Grave Offenses  Suspension
 Grave Offenses  Demotion from Rank
 Dismissal from Service

Forms: ** or any combination

 Malfeasance (Misconduct) – abuse power

 Misfeasance (Irregularities) – improper perfo…
 Non-feasance (Neglect of Duty) – refusal …
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 RETIREMENT
Note: Nature of Retirement

Retirement is either OPTIONAL or MANDATORY

OPTIONAL - YEARS OF SERVICE – 20 YEARS

MANDATORY – AGE OF MEMBER – 56 YEARS
OLD
Retirement Benefit
50% of the base pay and longevity pay of the retired grade in case
of twenty (20) years of active service, increasing by 2.5% for
every year of active service rendered beyond twenty (20) years
to a maximum of 90% for 36 years of service and over.

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 PART FOUR

POLICE PATROL
(Management and Operations)

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Why is patrol referred to as the “backbone” of police
organization?

…because it serves as the organizational

foundation from which other specialization branch
out like traffic, investigation, vice control, etc.
It is also the only division within a department
which cannot be eliminated.

..patrol activities is about 50% of all police functions

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What is police patrol?
…the regular and repeated circuit of guarding a
beat, normally performed by the police in a given
area either on foot, mobile of other methods of
patrol for the purpose of enforcing the law and crime
prevention and suppression.

VIP: Patterns of Patrolling:

..clockwise, counter-clockwise, zigzag, straightway,
cloverleaf

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What is Reactive Patrol?

…the old system of police patrol activity which

consist of continuously driving around the area of
patrol waiting for something to happen and to
react accordingly in case something does
happen.

Note: Low Visibility Theory

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What is Proactive Patrol?

It is the more economical alternative patrol

system, which has an objective approach against
criminality as much as practicable. It addresses
crime at its very root before it is able to develop
into a felonious act.

Note: >> High Visibility Theory

>> Theory of Omnipresence

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What is participative law enforcement?

It is a system where the citizenry and the police

work together to reduce crime, prevent juvenile
delinquency and criminal behavior, maintain the peace
& reduce local problems which are the
mutual responsibility of the police & the people.

Note:
- The Peel Principle
- Koban System, COPS, Community-Oriented

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Prevention v.s. Repression
• Prevention is the objective aimed towards ways and
means to reduce the desire of the human
being to commit crime. (proactive)

• Repression, is the act of preventing the actual

commission of crimes. Repression is leveled on the
prevention of the very act itself which
constitutes crimes. (reactive)

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What is the purpose of Police Uniform?

As with any other occupation, the police uniform

is intended to separate policemen from everyone who
are not in the same line of work to avoid
confusion and to assure others of his authority
and his presence.

Note:
• Proactive measure (assurance of omnipresence)
• Police Visibility

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 Police Discretion

Use of one’s own wise judgment on certain events or

circumstances not covered by SOPs.
Sample Scenario
 On patrol alone
 Rainy & Foggy situation, urban area

 No FA, no HHR, no means of com to HQ

 No flashlight, wearing Rain Coat,

 3 Males in front of a pawnshop w in AOR

 Suspicious looking

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 PATROL: CRIME PREVENTION EFFORT

Understanding General Crime Reports

Index and Non- Index Crimes
Month Index Crimes Non- Index Grand
Crimes Total

CRIME VS. PERSON CRIME VS. TOTAL VIOL OF OTH T

PROPERTY RA ER O
6425/9165 CRI T
MES A
L

MURDER HOMICIDE PHY RAPE ROBBERY THEFT

INJ
INDEX CRIMES

-15.77%

77
INDEX CRIMES
January – October 2011

78
BREAKDOWN OF INDEX CRIMES BY REGION
January – October 2011

79
REAKDOWN OF CRIMES AGAINST PERSON BY REGIO

January – October 2011

80
REAKDOWN OF CRIMES VS PROPERTY BY REGIO

January – October 2011

 CRIME TRENDS
• 2012 - As of April 2012, crime rate went down by
16.77%
(According to the Philippine National Police)

Crime statistics provided by the PNP Directorate for

Investigation and Detective Management (DIDM)
indicates a 16.77% decline in the country’s Total
Crime Volume recorded from January to March of
Year 2012, compared with the First Quarter 2011
crime record.
source:
http://pcrg.pnp.gov.ph/index.php/news-releases/2-uncategorised/95-philippines-posts-lower-crime-rates-in-
1st-quarter-2012
 CRIME

“An act or omission in violation of a

law/statute”
• Felony – As defined in the RPC
• Offense – Violation of SL
• Delinquency – Misdemeanor
 KEY PLAYERS

• VIOLATOR – offending party

(suspect/respondent/accused/criminal)

• SUFFERER - offended party or

injured party (Victim)

• EXPECTATORS – the public, a

third party or a witness
PATROL TARGET
Anatomy of the Crime
 INSTRUMENTALITY
The means or implements use in the commission of the crime.
(firearm, a bolo, a fan knife, ice pick, poison, a crow bar, a battery-
operated hand drill for carnapping, etc.)

OPPORTUNITY (SITUATION)
The act or omission by a person (victim) which enables
another (criminals) to operate the crime.
(leaving ones home crime prone alley, wearing expensive jewelry
in the slum area, readily admitting a stranger into one’s residence)

MOTIVE
The moving power which impels one to action for a definite result.
The reasons or cause why person or group of persons
perpetrate
a crime.
 The Criminal Formula

C=T+S
R
Where: C = Act (Criminal Act)
T = Criminal Tendency (Desire/Intent)
S = Total Situation (Opportunity)
R = Resistance to Temptation
 Machinery for Crime Prevention

The Criminal Justice System

 Police/ Law Enforcement Pillar

 Prosecution Pillar
 Court Pillar
 Correction Pillar
 Community Pillar
 The Criminal Process
POLICE
– initial response –
arrest – suspect

COMMUNITY
– law abiding – help PROSECUTION
prevent crimes – investigate – determine
CRIM probable cause
E

CORRECTION COURT
– reform – change – trial –determine guilt
criminal behavior or innocence
 The Prevention of Crime

“It is everybody’s concern”

• It is not only the job of the police to prevent crimes
but it is the job of everybody

The Peel’s Principle

“The Police is the PUBLIC, the Public is the
POLICE”
Crime Prevention….

…is a proactive measure against crime

…the objective of which is aimed towards ways and

means to reduce the DESIRE of the potential
criminal to commit crime.
Crime Repression…

… is a REACTIVE measure against crime

…the objective of which is preventing the actual

commission of crimes. Repression is leveled on
the prevention of the very act itself, which
constitutes crimes.
To Prevent Crimes…

• Remove/Reduce/Prevent Criminal tendency

• Remove/Reduce /Prevent the opportunity on the part
of the would be criminal
• Increase/Improve Resistance to Temptation
 Applications
 By not committing crimes!...by not violating the
laws…by simply being a LAW ABIDING citizen!
(PREVENTING CRIMINAL TENDENCY)

 By ENFORCING THE LAWS according to

acceptable standards (REMOVING DESIRE AND
OPPORTUNITY)

 Abide with the standards of VALUE SYSTEMS

(INCREASING RESISTANCE AGAINST
TEMPTATION)
 What are the Methods of Patrol?
Beat Patrol
• Foot Patrol VIPs
• Bicycle Patrol  Advantages & Disadvantages of
each patrol method
Sector Patrol (Motorized Patrol)
 Practical Applications
• Automobile Patrol  Related name/terminology
• Motorcycle Patrol  Historical events
• Aircraft Patrol (Helicopter and Fixed Wing)

Note
Specialized Patrol Methods  10 million smell cell of dogs
• Horse (mounted) Patrol  German Shepherds
• Marine (water) Patrol
• Canine (K-9) Assisted Patrol
• Special Terrain Patrol
• TV Patrol (Surveillance Cam)

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What are the basic types of Police calls?

• ROUTINE CALL – mobile car is required to observe

all traffic laws and rules and does not normally use its
flashing lights and siren while on its way to the scene
• URGENT CALL – also requires the responding police car
to observe all traffic rules and does not use its
flashing lights or siren.
• EMERGENCY CALL – In most cases, this category
requires the use of the flashing light and fluctuating
siren although there are exceptions which include the
attempt to surprise criminals in the act.

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 Police/Patrol Communication Systems

VIPs
 Police Com – backbone of “police tactics”
 Walkie talkie – slang for HHR
 Horn – oldest communication device
 Cuneiform – first form of writing
 dyad –most basic form of interpersonal comm
 Telegraph – first electronic medium of comm (W. Cook)
 10 Codes – 10-4 (positive); 10-20 (loc); 10-35 (red alert); 10-74 (negative)

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 PART FIVE

POLICE
OPERATIONAL
PLANNING

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KEY CONCEPTS
PLANNING is a management function concerned with:
 visualizing future situations
 making estimates concerning them
 identifying issues
 analyzing and evaluating the alternative ways for reaching
desired goals
 estimating the necessary funds and resources to do the
work
 initiating action to cope with the changing
conditions and contingent events.

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Plan - an organize schedule or sequence by
methodical activities intended to attain goals and
objectives for the accomplishments of mission or
assignment.

It is a method or way of doing something in order to

attain objectives.

Plan provides answer to 5W’s and 1H questions.

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Police Operational Planning - the act of
determining policies and guidelines for police
activities or operations and providing controls
and safeguards for such activities.
It may also be the process of formulating
coordinated sequence of methodical activities
and the allocation of resources to the line units of the
police organization for the attainment of the
mandated goals and objectives.

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Objective – is a specific commitment to
achieve a measurable result within a specific
period of time.

Goal – is a general statement of purpose typically with

time horizon. It is an achievable end state
that can be measured and observed.

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Strategy – is a broad design, method; a plan to
attain a stated goal or objectives.

Tactic – a specific design, method or course of

action to attain a particular objective in consonance with strategy.

Procedure – a sequence of activities to reach a

point or to attain what is desired.

Policy – a product of prudence or wisdom in the

management of human affairs.

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Guidelines – a rule of action for the rank and file to show
them how they are expected to obtain the
desired effect.

Alternatives - are means by which goals and

objectives can be attained. They maybe policies,
strategies or actions aimed at eliminating a problem

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 Strategic Planning - is a series of preliminary
decisions on a framework, which in turn guides
subsequent decisions that generate the nature
and direction of an organization.

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 The Strategic Planning Process

TASK 1 - Develop Mission and Objectives

TASK 2 - Diagnose Environmental Threats & Opportunities
TASK 3 - Assess Organizational Strengths & Weaknesses
TASK 4 - Generate Alternative Strategies
TASK 5 - Develop Strategic Plan
TASK 6 - Develop Tactical Plan
TASK 7 - Assess Results of Strategic & Tactical Plan
TASK 8 - Repeat Planning Process

Note: SWOT Analysis

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 Policy Making and Planning

Broad External Policy Planning

 the responsibility of the legislative branch of the government.

 the main concern of the police in this broad external policy
planning is assisting the legislature in determining police
guideline through the passage of appropriate laws or ordinances
for the police to enforce.

Internal Policy Planning

 the responsibility of the C/PNP and other chiefs of the different units or
headquarters within their area of jurisdiction to achieve the
objectives or mission of the police organization.

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 What are the basic considerations
in Police Planning?
Primary Doctrines

FUNDAMENTAL DOCTRINE – Is the basic principle in planning,

organization and management of the PNP in support of the overall pursuits
of the PNP Vision, mission and strategic action plan of the attainment of
the national objectives.

OPERATIONAL DOCTRINE – Are the principles and rules governing the

planning, organization and direction and employment of the PNP forces in
the accomplishment of basic security operational mission in the
maintenance of peace and order, crime prevention and suppression,
internal security and public safety operation.

FUNCTIONAL DOCTRINE – This provides guidance for specialized

activities of the PNP in the broad field of interest such as personnel,
intelligence, operations, logistics, planning, etc.

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 Secondary Doctrines

COMPLIMENTARY DOCTRINE – Doctrines

formulated jointly by two or more bureaus in order to
effect a certain operation with regard to public safety
and peace and order. This essentially involves the
participation of the other bureaus of the BJMP, BFP,
PPSC, NBI and other law enforcement agencies.

ETHICAL DOCTRINE – That defines the

fundamental principles governing the rules of
conduct, attitude, behavior and ethical norm of the
PNP.

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 Four Primal Conditions of the
Police Organization

 AUTHORITY – The right to exercise, decide and

command by virtue of rank and position.
 DOCTRINE – It provides for the organizations

objectives. It provides the various actions. It is

where procedures/plans are based.
 COOPERATION/COORDINATION

 DISCIPLINE – It is imposed by command or self-

restraint to insure supportive behavior.

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 Classifications of Police Plans

According to coverage
 Local Plan

 Regional Plan

 National Plan

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According to Time

Strategic or Long Range Plan

It relates to plans which are strategic or long range in

application, it determine the organization’s
original goals and strategy.

Examples
Police Action Plan on the Strategy DREAMS
P-O-L-I-C-E 2000

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 Intermediate or Medium Range Planning
It relates to plans, which determine quantity and quality
efforts and accomplishments. It refers to the process of
determining the contribution on efforts that can make or
provide with allocated resources.

Examples

Master Plan Sandigan-Milenyo (Anti-Crime Master Plan)

Master Plan Sandugo/ Alpha (ISO)

Master Plan Banat (Anti-Illegal Drugs Master Plan)

Master Plan Sang-ingat (Security Operations Master Plan)

Master Plan Saklolo (Disaster Management Master Plan)

Sangyaman (Protection and Preservation of Environment,
Cultural Properties, and Natural Resources Master Plan)
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 Operational or Short Range Planning

It refers to the production of plans, which

determine the schedule of special activity and
are applicable from one week or less than year
duration. Plan that addresses immediate need
which are specific and how it can be accomplished on
time with available allocated resources.
Example
OPLAN BANAT

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 OTHER TYPES OF POLICE PLAN
• Reactive Plans are developed as a result of
crisis. A particular problem may occur for
which the department has no plan and must
quickly develop one, sometimes without
careful preparation.
• Proactive Plans are developed in anticipation of
problems. Although not all police problems are
predictable, many are, and it is possible
for a police department to prepare a response in
advance.
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Visionary Plans - statement of values to be used to guide
the decision making process.

Standing Plans provide the basic framework for responding

to organizational problems.

Functional Plans - include the framework for the operation of the

major functional units in the organization, such as patrol and
investigations.

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Time-specific Plans are concerned with a specific
purpose and conclude when an objective is
accomplished or a problem is solved.

Procedural Plans – guides routine and field

Operations (Ex. Field Procedures/HQ Procedures)

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 Tactical Plans
These are the procedures for coping with specific
situations at known locations such as plans for
dealing with an attack against buildings, attack
against the PNP headquarters by lawless elements

It include plans for blockade, jail emergencies,

special community events such as athletic contest,
parades, religious activities, carnivals, strikes,
demonstrations, and other street affairs.

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 Police Operations

FIELD OPERATIONS - are operations in the

field directed by the police commander and the
subordinate commanders aimed at the
accomplishment of the primary tasks of –

TRAFFIC – PATROL- INVESTIGATION

(Plus Vice Control and Juvenile Control)

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 Standard Operating Procedures
• SOP #01 – POLICE BEAT PATROL PROCEDURES
SOP #02 – BANTAY KALYE
• SOP #03 – SIYASAT – conduct of inspections to ensure
police visibility.
• SOP #4 – REACT 166 - prescribes the procedures in detail of
Duty Officers, Telephone Operators and Radio Operators.
• SOP #5 – LIGTAS (ANTI-KIDNAPPING)
• SOP #6 – ANTI-CARNAPPING
• SOP #7 – ANTI-TERRORISM
• SOP #8 – JOINT ANTI-BANK ROBBERY ACTION
COMMITTEE (ANTI-BANK ROBBERY)
• SOP #9 – ANTI-HIJACKING/HIGHWAY ROBBERY

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
SOP #10 – PAGLALANSAG/PAGAAYOS-HOPE

SOP # 11 – MANHUNT BRAVO (NEUTRALIZATION OF
WANTED PERSONS)

SOP #12 – ANTI-ILLEGAL GAMBLING
• SOP #13 – ANTI-SQUATTING
• SOP #14 – JERICHO - quick reaction group
• SOP #15 – NENA (ANTI-PROSTITUTION/VAGRANCY)
• SOP #16 – ANTI-PORNOGRAPHY
• SOP #17 – GUIDELINES IN THE CONDUCT OF
ARREST, SEARCH, AND SEIZURE
• SOP #18 – SANDIGAN MASTER PLAN
• SOP #19 – ANTI-ILLEGAL LOGGING
• SOP #20 – ANTI-ILLEGAL FISHING
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• Oplan Jumbo – Aviation Security Group Strategic Plan against terrorist attacks

• Oplan Salikop – CIDG Strategic Plan against Organized Crime Groups (OCG)

• OPLAN BANTAY DALAMPASIGAN that sets forth the operational guidelines on the
heightened security measures and sea borne security patrols. 

• NAPOLCOM MC No. 95-03 – “Institutionalization of the Doctrine of Command

Responsibility at all levels of Command in the PNP

• EO No. 226 - “Institutionalization of the Doctrine of Command Responsibility in

all Government offices

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 OTHER OPERATIONAL GUIDELINES

Police Blotter
A police blotter is a logbook that contains the daily registry of all crime
incident reports, official summaries of arrest, and other significant events
reported in a police station.

A separate Police Blotter is maintained for crime incident reports involving

violence against women and children and those cases involving a CICL to
protect their privacy pursuant to Republic Act Number (R.A. No.) 9262
(Anti-Violence Against Women and Children Act of 2004) and
R.A. No. 9344.

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 Police Intervention Operations
(arrest, raid, search and seizure, checkpoint,
demolition, civil disturbance management)

 marked police vehicle

 led by a Police Commissioned Officer
 personnel in prescribed police uniform

***Warning shot – not allowed!

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 CONDUCT OF POLICE CHECKPOINT

The establishment of checkpoints must always be

authorized by the PNP and manned by uniformed
PNP personnel assigned in the area.
Other units directly involved in an operation may
establish mobile checkpoints in coordination with
the Commander of the Unit/Station in the area.

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 Police Check Point Composition
• Team Leader – preferably (at least Police Inspector)
• Spotter - profiler of suspected vehicle
• Spokesperson - solely in charge of communicating
with the motorists subject for checkpoint;
• Investigation Sub-team - investigation & documentation
• Search/Arresting Sub-Team - designated to conduct
search, seizure and arrest, if necessary
• Security Sub-Team - tasked to provide security
• Blocking/Pursuing Sub-Team - tasked to block/pursue
fleeing suspects/vehicle

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 Internal Security Operations

The PNP is mandated to provide active support

to the AFP in Internal Security Operations
for the suppression of the Communist Terrorist
Movement (CTM) and other serious threats to
national security
(PNP lead role – in urban areas – sustained law
enforcement action)

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 Samples of the PNP
Programs and Strategies

POLICE 2000

P-REVENTION and suppression of crime through COPS

O-RDER, maintenance, peacekeeping and internal
security

L-AW enforcement without fear or favor

I-MAGE, credibility and commonly support

C-OORDINATION with other government agencies and
non-government agencies organizations and
international securities

E-FFICIENCY and effectiveness in the development and
management of human and material resources

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 DREAMS


D-ISPERSAL of policeman from the headquarters to the street
and enhancement of crime prevention program

R-ESTORATION of trust and confidence of the people on their
police and gain community support

E-LIMINATION of street and neighborhood crimes and improvement
of public safety

A-RREST of all criminal elements common or organized in
coordination with the pillars of the CJS and other law
enforcement agencies

M-APPING up and removal of scalawags from the pole of ranks

S-TRENGTHENING the management and capability of the PNP to
undertake/support the dreams operations and activities

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 PART SIX

POLICE INTELLIGENCE
AND SECRET SERVICE

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“If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the
result of a hundred battles.”
“If you know yourself and not the enemy, for every victory, you are a fool
who will meet defeat in every battle” - SUN TZU

“Against organized crime, internal affairs

in my defensive arm; Intelligence is my offensive arm.” – W. Parker
 Definition of Terms

• National Intelligence – the total product of intelligence developed by all

governmental agencies that cover the broad aspects of national
policy and security.
• Military Intelligence – it is used in the preparation of military policies,
plans and programs. It includes the strategic and combat intelligence.
• Strategic Intelligence – that knowledge pertaining to the capabilities and
probable courses of action of foreign nations.
• Combat Intelligence – is required by the commander in order to determine
the best use of his available firepower and maneuver forces, to accomplish
his mission, and to maintain the security of his command.
• Counter Intelligence – an integral part of all intelligence operations and as
such can’t be separated from combat and strategic intelligence. Its objective
is to safeguard information against espionage, material and installations
against sabotage, and personnel against subversive
• Technical Intelligence – concerns foreign technical developments, which have a
practical military application and the physical characteristics, performance,
capabilities, and limitations of material and installation, used by and for foreign.

• Area of Operation – those aspects of the operational environment exclusive of

the military/police forces involved. It concerns weather economics, politics, sociology,
hydrographic (study of seas, lakes, etc.) and characteristics of the environment of an area
in which military/police operations are taking place or planned.

• Capabilities – form a police/military standpoint, enemy capabilities are courses of

action which the enemy can adopt and which, if adopted, will influenced the
accomplishment of the friendly mission, either favorable or not. From a broader national
standpoint, capabilities of a nation are the available, workable, courses of action to
accomplish national objectives.

• Vulnerabilities – A nation’s vulnerabilities are the weaknesses, which make it

susceptible to any action, which reduces its war, potential, and or its will to fight.
 HISTORICAL FEATURES

MOSES
One of the first recorded formalized intelligence efforts, with format,
can also be found in the Holy Bible Numbers 13:17

“And Moses sent them to spy out the land of Canaan and said unto
them, get you up this way southward, and go up into the mountain;
and see the lands, what it is; and the people that dwell therein,
whether they are strong or weak, few or many; and what the land they
dwelt in, whether in tents, or in strongholds; and what land is;
whether it be fat or lean, whether there be wood therein, or not. And
be of good courage and bring of the fruit of the land.” The scriptures
also named the twelve intelligence agents whom the Lord directed
Moses to sent into the land of Canaan and records that “all those men
were heads of the children of Israel.”
THE 12 MEN SENT BY MOSES TO SPY CANAAN

SHAMMUA THE SON OF ZACCUR – Tribe of Reuben

SHAPAT THE SON OF HORI – Tribe of Simeon
CALEB THE SON OF JEPHUNNEH – Tribe of Judah
IGAL THE SON OF JOSEPH – Tribe of Issachar
HOSHEA THE SON OF NUN – Tribe of Ephraim
PALTI THE SON OF RAPHU – Tribe of Benjamin
GADDIEL THE SON OF SODI – Tribe of Zebulun
GADDI THE SON OF SUSI – Tribe of Joseph, that is from the Tribe of Manasseh
AMMIEL THE SON OF GEMALLI – Tribe of Dan
SETHUR THE SON OF MICHAEL – Tribe of Asher
NAHBI THE SON OF VOPSHI – Tribe of Napthali
GEUEL THE SON OF MACHI – Tribe of Gad
 RAHAB
The Harlot of Jericho (Joshua 2:1-21)” who
sheltered and concealed the agents of Israel, made
a covenant with the agents and duped their
pursuers. She was not only an impromptu
confederate of immense value for the Jewish
leader of that far distant day, but also established a
plot-pattern which is still of periodic relief to
motion picture producers.
 DELILAH
The Philistine used her when she allowed
Philistine spies to hide in her house (Judges 16).
Delilah was an impromptu intelligence agent.
Apart from her tonsorial specialty, she also
allowed sex to gain intelligence from a powerful
enemy. She achieved the largest effective force of
her employer’s adversaries and contriving the
stroke which put that force out of
action”.
IMPORTANT EVENTS AND PERSONALITIES
IN THE WORLD OF INTELLIGENCE

Sun –Tzu
A Chinese philosopher, creator of the “The Art of
War”
“Information must be obtained from men who
knew the enemy situation.”
“Know thy enemy and know yourself, you need not
fear the results of a hundred battles”
“If you know yourself and not the enemy, for every
victory, you are a fool who will meet defeat in
every battle.”
 Alexander the Great

When Alexander the Great was marching to Asia,

were rumors of disaffection growing among his
allies and mercenaries, he sought the truth, and got
it by simplest expedient by devising the first
“letter sorting” and opening to obtain information.
 Sertorius
He was the Roman Commander in Spain who possessed a White Fawn
and allowed it to become widely known - that he derived secrets and
guidance from the fawn. His intelligence agents credited their
information to the supernatural power of animals.

Akbar
He was known to be the sagacious master of the Hindustan. He
employed more than 4,000 agents for the sole purpose of bringing him
the truth that his throne might rest upon it.
 Genghis Khan

He was known “The Great Mongol”, who used intelligence

to conquer China and invade Cathay. He instructed his
Generals to send out spies and used prisoners as sources of
information. The leader of the so-called MONGOL
CONQUERORS - made use of effective propaganda
machine by spreading rumors of Mongol Terror, they
collected information on weaknesses and rivalries of
Europe. The leaders usually disguised as merchants.
• RENAISSANCE PERIOD

With the rise of Nationalism and development of modern armies, intelligence

became apparent to large states. In England, Sir Francis Walsingham, under
Queen Elizabeth, organized the first National Intelligence Service. He employed
spies on the staff of the Admiral in Command of the Spanish Army and able to
obtain information regarding Spanish Army as to their ships, equipment, forces
and stores. He protected Queen Elizabeth I from countless assassins.

In France, Richlieu – introduced the network of covert collectors who transmitted

prompt and accurate information to Paris regarding the activities of the rebels and
dissidents of the kingdom.

Louis XIV – systematized political policy, continuous surveillance, postal

censorship and military intelligence organization were his contributions.
The French Intelligence System continued since 15th Century.

Napoleon Bonaparte once said, “One Spy in the right place is worth
20,000 men in the field”. He organized two Bureaus of Interest:
Bureau of Intelligence – which consolidate all incoming information
regarding the enemy for presentation to the emperor and to obtain
information as desired, and Topographic Bureau – which maintains a
large map which covers the latest information regarding both enemy
and friendly forces. He maintained Military Intelligence and Secret
Political Police Service all over Europe. His main arm was “Spy
against spy” concept.
 Frederick the Great

He was known as the “Father of Organized Military Espionage”

He has divided his agents into four classes:

• Common spies – those recruited among poor folk, glad to earn a small
sum or to accommodate as military officer.
• Double spies – are unreliable renegades, chiefly involved in spreading
false information to the enemy.
• Spies of Consequences – couriers and noblemen, staff officers, and
kindred conspirators, requiring a substantial bribe or bait,
• Persons who were forced to undertake espionage against their own will.
 Hannibal
He was considered one of the brilliant military strategists in the history of
military intelligence. He had developed an effective intelligence system
for 15 years in Rome. He usually roam around the city often disguise
himself as a beggar to gather first hand information.
Julius Caesar
During his time, the staff of each Roman Legion includes ten
“speculators” who served as an information-collecting agency. The
“speculators” were the first intelligence personnel to appear definitely in
a military organization. Military success of the Romans was aided by
communication system. Made use of carrier pigeons, which made
possible the amazing speed with which intelligence of Imperial Rome
was transmitted. They also employed ciphers to ensure secrecy of
communications.
• George Washington
Conspirator under oath abounds in the history of every nation. George Washington
was grand master in intelligence. He mobilized the Free Masons of the colonies at
the outbreak of the American war of Independence.

• Karl Schulmeister
He was Napoleon’s eye, Napoleon’s military secret, born on August 5, 1770. He
began his career in offensive espionage under a cover role. He was able to infiltrate
the Austrian General Staff.

• Wilhelm Stieber
He incorporated intelligence in the General Staff Support System. He further device
military censorship and organized military propaganda. He introduced military
censorship and organized military propaganda. He works as a census taker and
developed informal gathering of data.

• Alfred Redl
He was one of the most brilliant intelligent agents. Though a homosexual, he
became Chief of the Austro – Hungarian Secret Service. He became a double agent
of Russia.
 Brahma Kautilya

In Ancient India, he overthrew the Nanda Dynasty and established the

first MAYURYAN king in the Indian throne. He recommended to his
king that for the ruler to succeed, the ruler should strike at his enemy’s
weak points by means of spies. He proposed the following means to
conquer enemy’s stronghold: Intrigues and spies - Winning over
enemy’s people - Siege and assault - Before beginning military
operation, a conqueror should know the comparative strength and
weaknesses of himself and his enemy. No war should be undertaken
without careful examination of all factors reported by the kings’ spies.
• Maj. General Donovan
He was the organizer of the OSS, builder of a central intelligence system -
OSS whose exploits become legendary in World War II.
• V2 – Rackets - OSS agents working in conjunction with the British
Intelligence, through penetration and technical intelligence discovered
Punemundo which was the V2 guide missile research project of Nazi
Germany. It resulted to its destruction and heavy bombing.
• Battle of Midway
In June 1442, the turning point of the Naval in the Pacific, the victory gained
by the Americans was due to the disrupted messages from the Imperial
Japanese Navy.
• Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto
April 1943, He was the crypto analyst of the U.S. Navy Communications
Intelligence intercepted a top-secret signal relaying the travel of the Admiral.
En route, he was intercepted and crashed in the Jungles of Baungainville.
• State Informer
Edward I, King of England in 1725 organized a systematic police system so
called Witch and Ward. By Royal proclamation, the profession “State
Informer “was created in 1734 enjoining all informers to expose criminal
activities and be compensated.
• Joseph Fouche
“Father of Police Intelligence Operations”. A Frenchman born in 1759,
rose to become the most feared and respected intelligence director in French
history. He created a network of agent. His assistance founded the modern
system of spying on spies, which later was known as counter espionage.
• Joseph Petrosino
He was member of the New York Police Department in early 1900, he was
the head of the Italian Squad. Through extensive intelligence network, he
was credited to smash and neutralization of the Black Society.
• Federal Bureau of Investigation
First established in 1908 as an investigative arm of the U.S. Department of Justice and became
what is known as the F.B.I. under its first director John Edgar Hoover in 1924. On September 6,
1939 by a presidential directive, it came to its responsibility the task of a domestic intelligence.

• Central Intelligence Agency - The agency was created under the US National Security Act of
1947. It was the Central Intelligence group established during the time of President Truman in
January 1946. The CIA was under the National Security Council.

• Committee for State Security - Russia - The Intelligence agency known as the KGB - Komitet
Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti (KGB)

• British Secret Service – Great Britain

• Mossad – Israel

• Britain: Scotland Yard, London Metropolitan Police Force

It was established by Sir Robert Peel in 1829 which signaled the beginning of a colorful
legendary police force and considered one of the most efficient in the world today.
Intelligence and the World Wars
WORLD WAR 1

• 1900 – Europe powers developed modern staff systems and place intelligence on the same level with
personnel, operations and logistics. Intelligence then functioned in time of peace and war.
Intelligence during this period, concentrated on information about the armed forces of the enemy
and their capabilities. AIRCRAFT was introduced as a method of conducting aerial reconnaissance.
WIRELESS TELEGRAPH was used wherein CODES AND CIPHERS were applied. ARMY
INTELLIGENCE rapidly expanded during this period.

• GERMAN INTELLIGENCE – gained a high reputation for offensive effectiveness throughout

Europe but declined at the outset of the war.

• BRITISH INTELLIGENCE – succeeded greatly by means of censorship and its CODE ROOM
combined with skillful use of COVERT agents.

• US expanded their NAVAL INTELLIGENCE wherein DOMESTIC COUNTERINTELLIGENCE

became a principal activity. At this time US created three branches of its Intelligence System:
POSITIVE BRANCH – function of collecting evaluating and disseminating intelligence. Prepare
situation estimate and translate documents; NEGATIVE BRANCH – it is the counterintelligence
functions which involve in investigating disloyalty and sedition, investigate enemy activities,
investigate graft and fraud in organization; GEOGRAPHIC BRANCH – Produces maps,
photographs, and terrain studies. SECTIONS - Administration, Collection by attaches and troops,
Codes and ciphers
 WORLD WAR II

• GERMAN INTELLIGENCE – started the war with the world’s best organized
intelligence service through advance preparation of intelligence accompanied by troop
movements. GERMAN INTELLIGENCE WEAKENED by the attitude of the Officer
Group wherein they subordinated intelligence to operation and did not regard
intelligence assignment worthy of a soldier.

• JAPANESE INTELLIGENCE – failed because it was not provided with sufficient

number of trained personnel to assemble and evaluate the mass of materials which were
collected although Japanese Intelligence was involved in short war and defensive in
nature.

• BRITISH INTELLIGENCE – the delay in the use of German V-BOMB against them
was their main achievement during this time.

• In 1942 – a female special agent was able to transmit vital information concerning the
activities and installations of the main research station at Penemuenda. Its intelligence
failed in the defeat of GENERAL MONTGOMERY’S forces at ANNHEIM.
• US INTELLIGENCE – In 1941, The US Strategic Service was established to research and analyze
military, political and economic information as it affected the security of the country. US JOINT
CHIEFS OF STAFFS – was organized to act in support of the army and the navy in the collection
and analysis of strategic information and to be responsible for the planning and operation of special
services. US greatest contribution to intelligence was the development of the AMPHIBIOUS
WARFARE where coordination of many types of intelligence activities was required to provide
adequate knowledge of the successful operation of a complex military force transported over water
with the objective of establishing itself on an enemy – held shore against opposition. US successes
in WW II were based on personnel drawn from CIVILIAN POPULACE, BUSINESS AND
PROFESSIONAL MEN AND WOMEN.

• CHINESE INTELLIGENCE – In 1932, TAI LI – organized the China’s Secret Police to conduct
espionage and counterespionage against Japanese Spies and Chinese communist.

• SOVIET INTELLIGENCE – AMTORG was organized for the purpose of purchasing all kinds of
materials for the Soviet Union.

• SMERSH or “DEATH TO SPIES” was organized during the war as counterintelligence concerned
with disaffection among Soviet troops and anti-communism in any form. Its five major divisions are:
Administration, Operation, Investigation, Prosecution, and Personnel.
 POST WAR PERIOD: The superpowers

• Soviet Intelligence System

SOVIET COUNTERINTELLIGENCE known as “IRON CURTAIN” signified that no one may
cross the borders of the USSR without being detected. This means that all communications are
rigidly controlled. Its contribution to modern intelligence was the dissemination of false information
designed to mislead and confuse opponents and prospective victims. The MGB – MILITARY
INTELLIGENCE AND THE MINISTRY OF STATE SECURITY formerly NKGB was concerned
on political espionage and propaganda abroad and for the control of espionage activities of foreign
communist countries. The KGB resumed the former function of the old MGB. It is now the official
secret police agency of the Soviet Union, in charge of the state security KGB means (Commission of
State Security) K- Omissija G- Osudarstyennoj B – Ezopasnosti or Komitet Gosudarstvennoy
Bezopasnosti

• British Intelligence System

It is composed of several intelligence agencies such as the BRITISH MILITARY INTELLIGENCE
DIVISION (MID) which is divided into 20 different departments. The M15 – devoted to
counterespionage and security. It is the special branch of the SCOTLAND YARD charged with
guarding the Royal Family and important British officials and Visiting Foreign Dignitaries.
• French Intelligence System
The SDECE DE DOCUMENTATION EXTERIEURE ET DEER CONTRE
ESPIONAGE (SDECE-FOREIGN Intelligence and counterintelligence Service) was
under the office of the Prime Minister. GENERAL CHARLES DE GAULLE set up the
Bureau Central de Renseignements et d’ Action (BCRA Central Office for Intelligence
and Action in London in 1940. It is an expansion of the Service De Reassignments (SR-
Intelligence Service which is a part of the Old Renzieme Bureau (Second Bureau) of the
French General Staff. SDECE concerned on Strategic and Counterintelligence while
SURETE NATIONALE became part of French Intelligence Service.

• German Intelligence System

The RED GESTAPO which serves as security service organized by East Germany to
combat the covert activities of West Germany Group when Germany was still divided by
the Berlin Walls.

• United States Intelligence System

The CIA and the FBI – the CIA is one among the biggest in the world in terms of
intelligence networking. CIA and the FBI and the other state/ federal units of
intelligence services were US main intelligence agencies.
Agents of Betrayal
Intelligence is sometimes described as a “world of deceit and betrayal”.
Some of the high personalities which evidence this description are:

 JUDITH COPLON, a political analyst of a Department of Justice, was

accused of taking unlawful possession of government documents and spying
for a foreign power.
 DR. EMIL JULIUS KLAUS FUCHS was accused of releasing American
Atomic Secrets to the Soviet in 1945 and to the British in 1947. He detailed
knowledge of the construction of atomic bombs.
 ERNST HILDING ANDERSON was a Royal Swedish Navy who provided
military secrets to a foreign power and was found guilty and sentences to life
imprisonment in 1951.
ESSENTIAL INTERESTS IN INTELLIGENCE

Intelligence Defined

• Webster defines intelligence as the capacity for understanding and for other forms of
adaptive intellect of behavior; the mind in operation; the power of meeting any situation,
especially a novel situation, successfully by proper behavior adjustments; the ability to
apprehend the interrelationships of presented facts in such a way as to guide action
towards goal; knowledge of an event, circumstances, etc., received or imparted; the
gathering or distribution of information; the staff of persons engaged in obtaining such
information.

• Base on Psychology- Intelligence is the capacity of a person to adjust to new situations

through the use of what has been previously learned.

• According to Government - Commission Task Force - It means the collection, processing,

collation, interpretation, evaluation and dissemination of information, with references to
national security. In certain context, it may also mean the network or the system for the
collection, collation, interpretation, evaluation, processing, and dissemination of
information. “The term as used here doesn’t include any police powers or authorities, any
investigative function other than those involve in the collection of information nor any
function involved in the enforcement of laws, orders, or regulation.
 According to Military Terminologies - Intelligence is the end product
resulting from the collection, evaluation, analysis, integration and
interpretation of all available information which my have immediate
or potential significance to the development and execution of plans,
policies and programs of the users.

• According to Police Parlance - The end product resulting from the

collection, evaluation, analysis, integration and interpretation of al
available information regarding the activities of criminal and other
law violators for the purpose of affecting criminals and other law
violators for the purpose of affecting their arrest, obtaining evidence,
and forestalling plan to commit crime.
The Principal Areas of Interest
• Military – offensive and defensive tactics, war plans, strategic concepts
and tactical principles, organizations, installations, industrial lease, armed
forces, command structure, command personnel, material, tactics, morale,
• General – topographical and hydrographic characteristics, historical
backgrounds
• Diplomatic – foreign policies, alliances, diplomatic establishment, foreign
service personnel, technique of conducting foreign relations
• Political – ideology, traditions, institutions, personalities, area of friction
• Communications and Transportation – telephones, telegraphs, wireless,
railways, shipping, automobiles and trucks, highways, aviation,
ownership, policies, organization, personnel
• Social – nationality structure, classes and caste, historical factors, census,
personal aspects, characteristics and mentality of people forces, social
legislation, radio, television, press, motion picture

• Intelligence – organizations, methods and personnel of competing

intelligence system

• Economic - On economics, the areas are on:

Financial – Monetary policies, Currency structure, Transactions, Institutions,

Personalities
Commercial – trade policies, markets, trading methods, price policies,
personalities
Industrial – structure of Capacity, manufacturing plants and processes,
raw material, energy rotations, labor relations, personalities
Mining – Mineral Resources, Production method, Output
Agriculture – policies, crop structure, cultivation method, mechanization,
financing, specific characteristics of rural population
Principles of Intelligence
• Objectivity - in intelligence, only the well guided succeed. It is a basic
intelligence concept that there must be unity between knowledge and action. It
follows therefore that intelligence should interact and condition the decision.
Intelligence must be adapted to the needs of the decision; it is both giver and
taker. Action or decision is planned by knowledge and guided by it at every
step.

• Interdependence - Intelligence is artificially subdivided into component

elements to insure complete coverage, eliminate duplication and to reduce the
overall task or manageable sizes. Nevertheless, each subdivision remains as
essential part of unity; contributes proportionately to the end result; possesses
a precise interrelationship; and interacts with each other so as to achieve a
balanced and harmonious whole.

• Continuity - Intelligence must be continuous. It is necessary that coverage be

continuous so that the shape of what happens today could be studied in the
light of what happened before, which in turn would enable us to predict the
shape of things to come.
• Communication - Intelligence adequate to their needs must be communicated
to all the decision makers in manner that they will understand and form that
will permit its most effective use.

• Usefulness - Intelligence is useless if it remains in the minds, or in the files of

its collectors or its producers. The story must be told and it must be told well.
The story must be convincing and to be convincing it must not only be
plausible or factual but its significance must be shown.

• Selection - Intelligence should be essential and pertinent to the purpose at

hand. Intelligence involves the plowing through a maze of information,
considering innumerable number of means or of picking the most promising of
a multitude of leads. The requirement of decision-making covers very nearly
the entire span of human knowledge. Unless there is selection of only the most
essential and the pertinent, intelligence will go off in all directions in one
monumental waste of effort.
• Timeliness - Intelligence must be communicated to the
decision maker at the appropriate time to permit its most
effective use. This is one of the most important and most
obvious, for Intelligence that is too soon or too late are
equally useless. Timeliness is one principle that
complements all the others.

• Security - Security is achieved by the measures which

intelligence takes to protect and preserve the integrity of
its activities. If intelligence has no security, it might be as
well being run like a newspaper to which it is similar.
General Activities

• Strategic Intelligence – it is an intelligence activity which is primarily long range in nature with
little practical immediate operation value.

• Line Intelligence – it is an intelligence activity that has the immediate nature and value necessary
for more effective police planning and operation.

• National Intelligence - it is the integrated product of intelligence developed by all the

governmental branches, departments concerning the broad aspect of national security and policy.
It is concerned to more than one department or agency and it is not produced by single entity. It
is used to coordinate all the activities of the government in developing and executing integrated
and national policies and plans.

• Counter-Intelligence – phase of intelligence covering the activity devoted in destroying the

effectiveness of hostile foreign activities and to the protection of info against espionage,
subversion and sabotage.

• Undercover Work – is an investigative process in which disguises and pretext cover and
deception are used to gain the confidence of criminal suspects for the purpose of determining the
nature and extent of any criminal activities that maybe contemplating or perpetuating.
Functional Classification
of Police Intelligence

• Criminal Intelligence – refers to the knowledge essential to

the prevention of crimes and the investigation, arrest, and
prosecution of criminal offenders.
• Internal Security Intelligence – refers to the knowledge
essential to the maintenance of peace and order.
• Public Safety Intelligence – refers to the knowledge
essential to ensure the protection of lives and properties.
Forms of Intelligence

• Sociological Intelligence – deals with the demographic and psychological aspects of

groups of people. It includes the population and manpower and the characteristics of
the people, public opinion – attitude of the majority of the people towards matter of
public policy and education.

• Biographical Intelligence – deals with individual’s personalities who have actual

possession of power.

• Armed Force Intelligence – deals with the armed forces of the nation. It includes the
position of the armed forces, the constitutional and legal basis of its creation and actual
role, the organizational structure and territorial disposition, and the military manpower
recruitment and Order of Battle

• Geographical Intelligence – deals with the progress of research and development as it

affects the economic and military potential of a nation.
 THREE KINDS OF INTELLIGENCE

 Strategic Intelligence – as defined earlier, it is an intelligence data that are

not of an immediate value. It is usually descriptive in nature, accumulation
of physical description of personalities, modus operandi. It does not have
immediate operational value but rather long range that may become relevant
to future police operations.

 Line Intelligence – It is the kind of intelligence required by the commander

to provide for planning and conduct tactical and administrative operation in
counter insurgency. This pertains to knowledge of People, Weather, Enemy
and Terrain (PWET) used in planning and conducting tactical and
administrative operation in a counter insurgency.
Intelligence information to be determined in Line Intelligence are:

• People - living condition of the people, sources of income, education of

the people, government livelihood projects, extent of enemy influence to
the people
• Weather – visibility, cloudy, temperature, precipitation (rain), wind
• Enemy - location of the enemy, strength of the enemy, disposition,
tactical capability, enemy vulnerability
• Terrain - relief and drainage system, vegetation, surface material, man
made features. There are military aspects of terrain which includes cover
and concealment, obstacle, critical key terrain features, observation and
fields of fire, and avenues of approach.
• Counter Intelligence (CI) - this kind of intelligence covers the
activity devoted in destroying the effectiveness of hostile foreign
activities and to the protection of info against espionage, subversion
and sabotage. Hence, the three activities of CI are: protection of
information against espionage; protection of personnel against
subversion; and protection of installations and material against
sabotage.

Measures in CI must be both passive and active. Passive measures are

those measures which seek to conceal info from the enemy while
active measures are those which seek actively to block the enemy’s
efforts to gain info or engage in espionage, subversion or sabotage.
Counter Intelligence is also known as Negative Intelligence - a generic term meaning three different
things;

• Security Intelligence – means that the total sum of efforts to counsel the national policies,
diplomatic decisions, military data, and any other information of a secret nature affecting the
security of the nation form unauthorized persons. It is an effort to deny information to unauthorized
persons by restricting to those who are explicitly authorized to possess it.

• Counter-Intelligence - counter intelligence is the organized effort to protect specific data that might
be of value to the opponent’s own intelligence organization. Some of its functions are: Censorship –
of the following: correspondence, broadcast, telecast, telephone conversations, telegrams and cables,
etc., prevention of the dissemination of any information that might aid an opponent; maintenance of
files of suspect; surveillance of suspects; mail reading, wire tapping and recording; infiltration of the
enemy intelligence organized to procure information about its method, personal, specific operations
and interest.

• Counter-Espionage - In counter-espionage, negative intelligence becomes a dynamic and active

effort. Its purpose is to investigate actual or theoretical violation of espionage laws, to enforce those
laws and to apprehend any violators.
Five Categories of CI Operation

• Military Security – it encompasses the measures taken by a

command to protect itself against espionage, enemy operation,
sabotage, subversion or surprise. Examples are:
Secrecy discipline - Special safeguarding of classified information -
Security of troop movement - Special handling of weather & escapes
- Counter subversion with in the armed forces - Tactical measures in
combat area

• Port Frontier and Travel Security – has to do with the application

of both military and civil security measures for CI control at point of
entry and departure, international borders or boundaries. Examples
are:Security screening and control of frontier Security control of
merchants, seaman and crew of commercial aircraft, Security control
of frontier crossing point
Security control of seaports
• Civil Security – it encompasses active and passive CI measures
affecting the non-military nationals permanently or temporarily
residing in an area under military jurisdiction. Examples are:
Systematic registration of civilians and aliens
Control of circulation, Curfew, Surveillance of suspected political
organizations, Security screening of labor, Issuance of passes and
permits, Control of internal commerce

• Censorship – it is the control and examination of the civil, national,

armed forces, field press, and POWs.

• Special Operations – counter subversion, sabotage and espionage

Categories of CI Operation
• Counter Human Intel (HUMINT) – seeks to overcome enemy
attempts to use human sources to collect information or to conduct
sabotage and subversion which includes CI special operations,
liaison, counter security, and CI screening.

• Counter Imagery Intel (IMINT) - includes action taken to determine

enemy SIGINT and related enemy weaknesses, capabilities and
activities. These actions include surveillance radar, photo thermal
and infrared systems. Successful counter – IMINT operations rely
heavily on pattern and movement analysis and evaluation of the
enemy.

• Counter Signal Intel (SIGINT) – determine enemy SIGINT and

related enemy weaknesses, capabilities and activities, assess friendly
operations to identify patterns, profiles and develop, recommend and
analyze counter measures.
THE INTELLIGENCE CYCLE

PHASE 1

PLANNING THE COLLECTION

EFFORT
PHASE 2

COLLECTION OF
INFORMATION

PHASE 4
MISSION
DISSEMINATION AND
USE OF INFORMATION

PHASE 3

PROCESSING THE
COLLECTED INFORMATION
 PHASE 1
Planning the Collection Effort

This phase of the cycle involve the determination

of the requirements of intelligence. It is concerned
with identifying the so called Essential Element of
Information (EEI) - an item of intelligence or
information of the characteristics of the area of
operations and the enemy, which the commander
feels he needs before he needs before he can
reasonably arrive at a decision.
• What are their capabilities and vulnerabilities?
• What are the physical characteristics of the probable area
of operation?
• What major policies, plans and decisions must be made
in the near future?
• What step must be taken to preserve the security of the
nation?
• What is the information required by the higher, lower or
adjacent echelons within the government or armed
forces?
 PHASE 2
Collection of information

This phase of the cycle is concerned with identification of the

collecting agency, the formulation of procedures on the manner of
collecting the information in conjunction with the plans as achieved in
phase one.

• Methods of Collection – information can be collected through overt

method (open system) or covert method (secret/clandestine).
• Collecting Agencies – depending on the type of operation, the
collecting agency could be Government Agencies, Intelligence units,
or Organizations
• Trade Crafts – includes the use of photography, investigations /
elicitation / interrogation, surveillance, sound equipment, surreptitious
entry – keys and locks, use of an artist, communication
 PHASE 3
Processing the Collected Information
• This phase of the cycle is concerned with the examination and collation of all collected
information.

Steps in Processing Raw Information

Collection – organization of raw data and information into usable form; grouping similar
items of information so that they will be readily accessible.

Recording – is the reduction of info into writing or some other form of graphical
representation and the arranging or this info into writing or some form of graphical
representation and the arranging of this into groups of related items. Police log book and
Journal, Intel-work Sheet - Intel Files, Situation Maps - Rouges Gallery, Modus Operandi
Files Evaluation – examination of raw information to determine intelligence value,
pertinence of the information, reliability of the source and agency, and its credibility or
truth of information.

Evaluation is the determination of the pertinence of the info to the operation, reliability of the
source of or agency and the accuracy of the info.
RELIABILITY ACCURACY
A - Completely 1 - Confirmed by
reliable other
B - Usually reliable 2 - Probably true
C - Fairly reliable 3 - Possibly true
D - Not usually 4 - Doubtfully true
reliable 5 - Improbable
E - Unreliable 6 - Truth cannot be
F - Reliability cannot judged
be judged
 As to Source of Info
T- Direct Observation by Comdr/Chf of Unit
U- Report by DPA or Resident Agent
V- Report by PNP/AFP Troops
W- Interrogation of Captured Enemy
X- Observation of gov’t/civilian employee
Y – Observation from populace
Z- Documentary
 PHASE 4
Dissemination & Use of Information

This phase of the cycle refers to the activities of

transferring the processed information to the
proper users, most particularly the authority that
requires the activity. Processed information can be
disseminated through annexes, estimates, briefing,
message, reports, overlays, and or summaries.
 Methods of Dissemination
• Fragmentary orders from top to bottom of the
command
• Memorandum, circulars, special orders
• Operations order, oral or written
• Conference – staff members
• Other report and intelligence documents
• Personal Contact
Who are the users of intelligence?
• National leaders and military commanders – formulation and
implementation of national policies.
• Advisors and Staff – preparations of plans and estimates
• Friendly nations or other branches of the armed forces.
• Processor – basis for evaluation and interpretation.
• Head / chairman of an organization
• Any person with authority for purposes of planning.
 INFORMATION
AND ITS SOURCES

INFORMATION IS THE LIFE-BLOOD

OF INTELLIGENCE

NO INFORMATION = NO INTELLIGENCE

Intelligence is Knowledge = Knowledge is

POWER!
 INFORMATION

Information refers to all evaluated materials of every description

including those derived from observation, reports, rumors,
imagery, and other sources from which intelligence in produced.
Information is a communicated knowledge by others obtaining by
personal study, investigation, research, analysis, observation.

Two General classifications of sources of information:

• Open Sources – 99% of the information collected are coming

from open sources.
• Close Sources – 1% of information are collected from close
sources.
• Overt Intelligence – is the gathering of information or documents
procured openly without regard as to whether the subject or target
become knowledgeable of the purpose
Open Sources: Includes information taken from
• Enemy activity
• POW and Civilians
• Captured documents
• Map - Weather, forecast, studies, report - Agencies

• Covert Intelligence – is the secret procurement of information, which is

obtained without the knowledge of the person or persons safeguarding
vital intelligence interest.
Close Sources: Include information which maybe taken through:
• Surveillance
• Casing and Elicitation
• Surreptitious entry
• Employment of technical means (Bugging and Tapping device)
• Tactical Interrogation
• Observation and Description (ODEX)
 PERSONS AS SOURCES OF INFORMATION

Informant Net – It is a controlled group of people who

worked through the direction of the agent handler. The
informants, principal or cutouts supply the agent handler
directly or indirectly with Intel information

Informants (Asset) – people selected as sources of

information, which could be voluntary, or in consideration of a
price.
• Informant – refers to a person who gives information to the
police voluntarily or involuntarily with out any consideration
• Informer – those who give information to the police for
price or reward
Types of Informants

• Criminal Informant – an informant who give information to the police

pertaining to the underworld about organized criminals with the
understanding that his identity will be protected

• Confidential Informant – is similar to the former but he gives

information violate of the law to includes crimes and criminals

• Voluntary Informant – a type of informant who give information freely

and willfully as a witness to a certain act

• Special Informant – those who gives information concerning specialized

cases only and it is regarded a special treatment by the operatives (ex.
teachers, businessmen)

• Anonymous Informant – those who gives information through telephone

with the hope that the informant can not be identified
Sub-type of Informant
• Incidental Informant – a person who casually imparts information
to an officer with no intention of providing subsequent information
• Recruited Informant – A person who is selected cultivated
and developed into a continuous source of info

Categories of Recruited Informants:

• Spontaneous or Automatic Informant – Informants who by
the nature of their work or position in society have a certain
legal, moral or ethical responsibilities to report info to the police
• Ordinary (out-of-their-will) Informants – those under the
compulsion to report info to the police
• Special Employee – informants who are of a specific operational
nature
 Other Classification of Informant
Other terms related to people who gives
information are Automatic Informant, Penetrating
Agent , Infiltrating Agent , Full time Informant ,
Rival – Elimination Informant, False Informant,
Frightened Informant, Self- aggrandizing
Informant, Mercenary Informant , Double Crosser
Informant , Woman Informant , Legitimate
Informant.
 Motives of Informants
People give information to the police due to
various reasons. Their motives include reward,
revenge, fear and avoidance of punishment,
friendship, patriotism, vanity, civic-mindedness,
repentance, competition, and other motives.
 INFROMANT RECRUITMENT

• Selection – it is particularly desirable to be able to identity and recruit an

informant who has access to many criminal in-group or subversive
organization. Wide access is probably the single most important feature in the
consideration of recruiting the potential informant
• Investigation – the investigation of the potential informants that has
tentatively identified as a “probable” must be as thorough as possible. It must
establish possible existing motives as to this person might assist the police
Intel community. Failure to do so will deny this office who must perform the
approach and persuasion phase with little more that a guess. If necessary,
conduct complete background investigation (CBI)
• Approach – must be done in a setting from which might include pleasant
surroundings, perhaps a confidential apartment, completely free form any
probability of compromise, preferably in an adjacent city or a remote area
foreign to the informants living pattern.
• Testing – the testing program should begin, of course, with the limited
assignment, with a gradual integration into the more important areas. The
occasional testing of an informant should continue through the entire
affiliation
INTELLIGENCE OPERATIONS

Intelligence Operations is the result of intelligence

planning, planning is always ahead of operation
although an operation can be made without a plan, it is
usually due to sudden and inevitable situations but
definitely this is poor intelligence management
 THE 14 OPERATIONAL CYCLES

• Mission and Target

Infiltration – the insertion of action agent inside the target organization
Penetration – recruitment of action agent inside the target organization
• Planning
• Spotting
• Partial Background Investigation (PBI) or Complete Background Investigation
• Recruitment - the only qualification of an agent is to have an access to the target
• Training
• Briefing
• Dispatch
• Communication - technical method like telephone/radio, non-technical method like personal meeting,
live drop or dead drop
• Debriefing
• Payments – depends upon the motivation of informant
• Disposition – involve activity on rerouting, retraining, retesting, termination
• Reporting
• Operational Testing
 COVER AND UNDERCOVER

• Cover - the means by which an individual group of

organization conceals the true nature of its
acts and or existence from the observer.
• Cover story – a biographical data through
fictional that will portray the personality of the
agent he assumed, a scenario to cover up the
operation
• Cover Support – an agent assigned in target
areas with the primary mission of supporting the
cover story.
• Undercover Assignment – is an investigative technique in which agent conceal his
official identity an obtain information from that organization

Uses of Undercover Assignment

Use independently to get first hand info about the subject of investigation like:
a) Security evaluation of every installation
b) Gain confidence of suspended persons
c) Agent penetration
d) Verify info from human resources
e) Uncover concealed identity

Supplement other investigative techniques like:

a) Playing ground works for raids and searches by going entry
b) To assist in locating evidence
c) To install, maintain investigative equipments of undercover assignment
THE UNDECOVER AGENT
Special qualifications include knowledge of the language, area
background regarding events, knowledge about the custom and habits,
physical appearance, and must be an artist.

Factors considered in Selecting Cover Story

• Mutual Point of Interest
• Justification of presents
• Previous and permanent address
• Efficiency of role and freedom from the movement
• Means of communication
• Social and financial status
• Optional alternate plan
• Safe departure
 Selecting Action Agents

• Placement – location of prospective agent with respect to

the target
• Access – it is the capability of a prospective agent to
obtain the desired info for the Intel organization or to
perform to Intel collection mission in the area.
• Primary Access – it is the access to the desired info
• Secondary Access – it is the access to the desired info
through a principal source where the latter has the direct
access
• Outside Access – the agent is employed outside the target
and merely monitor info from a third person who is
monitoring info n the area
CONTROL – authority to direct the agent to carryout task or requirement on
behalf of the clandestine organization in an acceptable manner and security

Two Categories of Control

• Positive Control – is characterized by professionalism and rapport like
Agent motivation and Psychological control
• Negative Control – characterized by threat and it include the following:
• Disciplinary Action – includes verbal reprimand for poor performance or
insecure actions withholding certain material rewards, reduction of agents
salary or in extreme situation the threat of terminating professional
relationship
• Escrow Account – control of an agent by putting hi salary in a bank to be
withdrawn only after a fulfillment of a condition
• Blackmail
Procuring Different Type of Agents

• Agent in Place – an agent who has been recruited by an intelligence

service within a highly sensitive target, who is just beginning a
career or have been long or (outside) insider.
• Double Agent – an enemy agent who has been captured, turned
around and sent back where he came from as an agent of his captors
• Expandable Agent – an agent whom false information is leaked to
the enemy.
• Penetration Agent – an agent who has such reached the enemy gets
information and would manage to get back alive.
• Agent of Influence – an agent who uses influence to gain
information
• Agent of Provocation – one who provoke the enemy to give
information
 METHODS OF COVERT INTELLIGENCE

Concept of Surveillance
Surveillance is a form of clandestine investigation
which consists of keeping persons, place or other
targets under physical observation in order to obtain
evidence or information pertinent to an investigation.
Surveillance of persons is called Tailing or Shadowing,
Surveillance of place is called Casing or Reconnaissance,
and Surveillance of other things, events, & activities is called
Roping.
In Surveillance, the following are considered:
• Pre-Surveillance Conference – a conference
held among the team members, the police
intelligence unit before surveillance is conducted.
• Surveillance Plan – a plan established the as
required according to type of personnel, and the
general and specific instructions for surveillance.
• Area Target Study – refers to the area of
operation (AOR) of surveillance activities.
• Surveillant – a person who conducts surveillance with includes only
observations.
• Stakeout or Plant – is the observation of places or areas from a fixed
point.
• Tailing or Shadowing – it is the observation of a person’s movement.
• Undercover Man – it refers to a person trained to observe and penetrate certain
organization suspected of illegal activities and later reports the
observation and information’s that proper operational action can be made
• Liason Program – the assignment of trained intelligence personnel to
other agencies in order to obtain information of police intelligence value.
(Agencies like the press, credit agencies, labor unions, telephone companies)
• Safehouse – is a place, building, enclosed mobile, or an apartment,
where police undercover men meet for debriefing or reporting purposes.
• Drop – any person is a convenient, secure and unsuspecting place
where police undercover men meet his action agent for debriefing
or reporting purposes.
• Convoy – an accomplice or associate of the subject used to avoid
or elude surveillant.
• Decoy – a cover supporting the surveillant who can become a
convoy whenever surveillant is burned.
• Contact – any persons whom the subject picks or deals
with while he is under observation & identifies the observer.
• Made – when subject under surveillance becomes aware
that he is under observation and identifies the observer.
• Lost – when the surveillant does not know the whereabouts of his
subject or the subject had eluded the surveillance.
 SURVEILLANCE ACTIVITIES

• According to Intensity and Sensitivity

• Discreet –subject person to be watch is unaware that he is under observation
• Close – subject is aware that he is under observation varied on each occasions
• Loose – applied frequently or infrequently, period of observation varied on
each occasion
• According to Methods
• Stationary – this is observation of place usually a bookie stall, a gambling,
joint, a residence where illegal activities are going on (fixed position)
• Moving – surveillance follow the subject from the place to place to maintain
continuous watch of his activities
• Technical – this is a surveillance by the use of communications and electronic
hardware’s, gadgets, system and equipment
Special Equipment (Technical Supports)
• Camera with telephoto lens
• Moving Picture camera
• Binoculars
• Tape recording apparatus
• Wire taping device
• Other instrument – miniaturized one-way radio

Methods available to employ in Surveillance

Ordinarily, the methods are surveillance of place, tailing or
shadowing (1-2-3 man shadow), undercover investigation,
special methods includes: wire tapping - concealed
microphones - tape recorder -television - electric gadgets
Counter Surveillance – the conduct of
operation is coupled with counter intelligence
measures such as window shopping, use of
convoys and decoys, stopping immediately on
blind corners, getting out immediately on
public conveyances, retracing, entering mobile
housing
 CASING OR RECONNAISSANCE
Casing is the term use in the police organization
while reconnaissance is used in military terms.
Casing or reconnaissance is the surveillance of a building
place or area to determine its suitability for Intel use or its
vulnerability in operations. It aids in the planning of an
operation by providing needed information. It assists the
agent handler to install confidence in his agent during
briefing phase by being able to speak knowingly about the
area of operation.
Casing is also considered a security measure because it
offers some degree of protection for those operating in an
area unfamiliar to them.
 Method of Casing
• Personal Reconnaissance – the most effective method and will
produced the most info since you know just what you’re
looking for.
• Map Reconnaissance – it may not sufficient but it can produce
a certain amount of usable information
• Research - much info can be acquired through research
• Prior Information – your unit and of the unit will have file
report that they may provide you with info
• Hearsay –info usually gain by the person operating in the area
and performing casing job
 OBSERVATION AND DECRIPTION (ODEX)

Observation – a complete and accurate observation by

an individual of his surroundings an encompasses the
use of all the major sense to register and recognized its
operational or Intel significance

Description – the actual and factual reporting of one’s

observation of he reported sensory experience
recounted by another
 ELICITATION
It is a system or plan whereby information of intelligence
value is obtained through the process direct
intercommunication in which one or more of he parties to
the common is unaware of the specific purpose of the
conservation. The three phases are determination of the
mission, selection of the subject, and accomplishment of
the mission.

Two Devices in the conduct of Elicitation

Approach – process of setting people to start talking
Probe – to keep the people taking incessantly
Example of Approach:
Teacher – Pupil Approach – the subject is treated
as an authority then solicit his view point and
opinion on a subject matter.
Good Samaritan Approach – is the sincere and
valid offers of help and assistance are made to
the subject
 PORTRAIT PARLE (P/P)
It is a means of using descriptive terms in
relation to the personal features of an individual and
it can be briefly described as a word
description or a spoken picture.
(Anthropometry - no two human beings has the same
body measurement)
BACKGROUND CHECKS AND INVESTIGATION
(BI- PSI or CBI)
Information needed:
• Domestic Background
• Personal Habit
• Business History
• Social or Business Associates
• Medical History
• Educational Background
• Family History
 TACTICAL INTERROGATION

The need for obtaining information of the highest

degree of credibility taken on the minimum of
time can be through interrogation which varies
and dependent entirely on the situation.
Types of Interrogation

• Screening - usually accomplished as soon as after capture,

apprehension or arrest of an interrogee. The objective is to obtain
background information about the interrogee and determine his area
of knowledge and ability.
• Formal Interrogation (Detailed) –the systematic attempt to exploit
to an appropriate depth those areas of the interrogee’s knowledge,
which have been identified in the screening process
• Debriefing – a form of eliciting information, which is generally
used when the area of intellectual capability of the interrogee is
known. Maximum use of the narrative and not try to trap the person
being debriefed with leading question. The debriefer/interrogator
must be familiar with the subject in which the interrogation is being
conducted.
• Interrogation of Lay Personnel (Specific Type) – the techniques
used are the same as in the interrogations, however, especial effort
must be made to established a common frame of reference between the
interrogator and the interrogee. The amount of information obtained
from this type will depend on the interrogator’s inequity in
establishing common terminology on the source can understand which
will enable the interrogator to get the desired information.

• Technical Interrogation – the level of interrogation where the source

has specific and such detailed information that requires a trained
expert in the subject matter to be explored. It usually covers the
specific subject and time is not as limited as during other interrogation.
 Phases of Interrogation

• Planning and Preparation

• Approach (Meeting the Interrogee) Questioning
• Termination
• Recording Reporting
INTERROGATION TECHNIQUES:

• Techniques of Approach – the purpose is to gain the cooperation of the source and
induce him to answer questions which will follows.
• The “Open Techniques” – the interrogator is open and direct in his approach and
makes no attempts to conceal the purpose of the interrogator. It is best employed when
the interrogee is cooperative. It is frequently used at the tactical level where time is a
major interrogator.
• The “Common Interest” Technique – the interrogator must exert effort to impress
the interrogee of their common interest. The interrogator must look for he point out
the real advantages the interrogee will receive if he cooperates
• Record File (we know all technique) – the interrogator prepare a file on the source
listing all known information (record should be padded to make it appear to be very
extensive). The information must contain the life history of he interrogee to include
his activities and known associates (Party- bio-data of the interrogee is important).
The “we know all” s used in conjunction with the record file. During the approach, the
interrogator may ask the interrogee about a subject, if he refuses to cooperate, the
interrogator may provide the answer in order to impress him that the interrogator
knows him very well (all is known).
• Exasperation – Techniques (Harassment) – effectively employed against hostile type
interrogee. The interrogator must be alert because the interrogee may fabricate
information to gain relief from irritation (monotype). Subject Interrogee is placed in a
longer period of interrogation without rest or sleep. The interrogator permits the source
to go to sleep and subsequently awaken for another series of questioning (this is done
repeatedly). After many repetitions, the interrogee will be exasperated and will finally
cooperate hoping that he can be allowed to rest or sleep. Ask a question, listen to a reply
and then ask the same question repeatedly (use a tape recorder if possible). The purpose
is to bore the interrogee thoroughly until he begins to answer questions freely to end the
harassment.

• Opposite Personality Technique – also known as “Mutt and Jeff”, “Threat and
Rescue”, “Bud Guy – God Guy’, “Sweet and Sour”, “Sugar and Vinegar”, “Devil and
Angel”. Use of two (2) interrogators playing opposite roles.

• Egotist Techniques (Pride and Ego) – usually successful when employed against an
interrogee who has displayed a weakness or a feeling of insecurity. You may reverse the
technique by complimenting the interrogee in hopes of getting him to admit certain
information to gain credit. Described him as the best person, superior or comrade.
• “Silent” Technique – employed against nervous or the confident
type of interrogee. Look out the interrogee squarely in the eye
with sarcastic smile (force him to break eye contact first). He may
ask questions but the interrogator must not answer. Patience is
needed until the interrogator is ready to break silence.

• “Question Barrage” Technique (Rapid Fire Questioning) –

intended to confuse the interrogee and put him into a defensive
position. The interrogee become frustrated and confused, he will
likely reveal more than he intended, thus creating opening for
further questioning.
 PART SEVEN

INDUSTRIAL
SECURITY MANAGEMENT
(WITH R.A 5487)

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 BASIC CONCEPTS

SECURITY – state of being safe/secured/out of

danger/free from hazard

SECURITY MANAGEMENT – proper use of

resources by a security organization in meeting
its goals and objectives.

SECURITY SYSTEMS – application of various

methods/measures of protection

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 Security Systems are varied from…
The three (3) General Categories

PHYSICAL SECURITY
- protective security systems

PERSONNEL SECURITY
- human/workforce/employees/VIPs

DOCUMENT & INFORMATION SECURITY

- classified matters/sensitive information

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Security Systems
Physical Security

a system of barriers
placed between the potential intruder and the
matter to be protected. It is concerned with the physical
measures adopted to prevent
unauthorized access to equipment, facilities,
material, and documents, and to safeguard
them against espionage,
sabotage, damage and theft.

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Physical Security Systems includes..

Protective Security - those measures taken by

an installation or unit to protect itself against
sabotage, espionage or subversion and at the
same time provide freedom of action in order to
provide the installation of the unit with the
necessary flexibility to accomplish its mission.

Examples: Industrial, Banks, Hotel, School,

Supermarket, etc.

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Protective security utilizes..

Barriers
A barrier can be defined as any structure or
physical device capable of restricting,
deterring, delaying, illegal access to an
installation.

VIP – Types of barriers: Human, Energy, Animal,

Natural, Structural

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Protective security utilizes..

Three Line of Physical Defense

First line of Defense- perimeter fences/ barriers

Second line of defense- doors, floors, windows,
walls, roofs and grills and other entries to the
buildings
Third line of defense- storage system like steel
cabinets, safes, vaults and interior files.

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Protective security utilizes..

Perimeter fences –
Protective Lightings
Protective Alarms
Protective Locks and Keys

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 Personnel Security
are measures designed to prevent unsuitable
individuals or persons of doubtful loyalty to the
government, from gaining access to classified
matter or to any security facility, and to prevent
appointment, or retention as employees of
such individuals.
** Personal Security = VIP/Executive Protection

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 The Guard and Guarding Systems
(focus on RA 5487)

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 Brief History
June 1, 1969 - RA 5487 otherwise known as the “Private
Security Agency Law” was enacted.
August 4, 1969 -  Philippine Constabulary Security and Investigation Agency
Supervisory Office (PCSIASO) was
organized.
June 29, 1970 – Renamed as PC Supervisory Unit for
Security and Investigation Agencies (PCSUSIA). 
May 1996 – creation of  Security Agencies And Guards
Supervision Division (SAGSD) as one division under the
Civil Security Group
July 10, 2003 – New IRR
May 2008 – Amended IRR took effect on 2009

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 FOCUS / VIP’S
PADPAO – stands for the Philippine Association of
Detective and Protective Agency Operators.
It is a non-stock private organization formed in May 1958.

R.A. 5487 – an act that regulates the organization and

operation of the private detective, watchmen or security
guard agencies. (Private Security Agency Law)

Note: Prior to R.A. 5487 there was no law on private

security operations, what was needed was only a
permit from the city or municipal mayor to hire a
security guard.

PCSUSIA – Philippine Constabulary Supervisory Unit for Security
and Investigation Agencies – formed as a result of the approval of
R.A. 5487, which directs the Chief PC to issue rules and regulations
concerning the implementation of R.A. 5487. Later was change to
PNPSOSIA- when the Philippine Constabulary was dissolved and
the personnel was merged to the PNP.


PNPSOSIA – PNP Supervisory Office for Security and Investigation
Agencies – responsible for the issuance of implementing orders
regarding the rules & regulations affecting security agencies
operation.
 At present


PNPSAG/SD – PNP Security Agency Guards/
Supervision Division – for national and

PNP FE/SAGS – PNP Firearm and Explosives/ Security
Agency Guard Services – for local - it directs the Chief
of PNP to issue rules and regulations
concerning the implementing rules of
R.A. 5487 - 2003 Revised Rules and Regulations
Implementing R.A. 5487 as amended.

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DOCUMENT AND INFORMATION SECURITY
Are measures adopted in securing classified
matters and sensitive information.

It is based on the premise that the government

has the right and duty to protect official papers from unwarranted and
indiscriminate disclosure.
In answer to this problem, Malacanang dated August 14, 1964
entitled “Promulgating rules governing security of classified matters in
Government Officers” was promulgated.

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 PART EIGHT

COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEMS

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 INTRODUCTION
• Policing is the most obvious and apparent
aspect of the criminal justice system
• Police Systems around the world varied in
terms of approach and practices in achieving
police goals due to diversity of culture.
However similarities are placed on the purpose of
their existence – law enforcement, peace and order,
crime prevention.

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 Basis of the Course

CHED Memo 21 S 2005

• Course Description:
This study covers the different transnational crimes, it
nature and effects as well as the organization of the law
enforcement set-up in the Philippines
and its comparison of selected police models and their
relation with Interpol and UN bodies in the
campaign against transnational crimes and in the
promotion of world peace.

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 Concept of the word “Comparative”

Denotes the degree or grade by which a person,

thing, or other entity has a property or quality
greater or less in extent than that of another
- Similarities and Differences -Example:
Japanese Police System
vs. Philippine Police System
***The study of comparative police system, criminal justice and
law is a fairly new field and has corresponded with rising
interest in a more established field –
comparative criminology.
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What is comparative Police System?

It is the process of outlining the similarities

and differences of one police system to another in
order to discover insights in the field of
international policing.
What is Globalization?
Is the system of interaction among the countries of the
world in order to develop the global economy.
Globalization refers to the integration of economics and
societies all over the world. Globalization involves
technological, economic, political, and cultural
exchanges made possible largely by advances in
communication, transportation, and infrastructure.(see
notes)
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 END
OF
REVIEW
IN
LEA

SEE YOU DURING THE OATH TAKING!!

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