The Data Link Layer

Chapter 3

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Data Link Layer Design Issues

• Network layer services

• Framing
• Error control
• Flow control

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Packets and Frames

Relationship between packets and frames.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Network Layer Services

(a) Virtual communication. (b) Actual communication.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Possible Services Offered

1. Unacknowledged connectionless service.

2. Acknowledged connectionless service.
3. Acknowledged connection-oriented service.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Framing Methods

1. Byte count.
2. Flag bytes with byte stuffing.
3. Flag bits with bit stuffing.
4. Physical layer coding violations.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Framing (1)

A byte stream. (a) Without errors. (b) With one error.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Framing (2)

a) A frame delimited by flag bytes.

b) Four examples of byte sequences before and after byte stuffing.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Framing (3)

Bit stuffing. (a) The original data. (b) The data as they appear on
the line. (c) The data as they are stored in the receiver’s memory after destuffing.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Error Detection Codes (1)

1. Hamming codes.
2. Binary convolutional codes.
3. Reed-Solomon codes.
4. Low-Density Parity Check codes.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Error Detection Codes (2)

Example of an (11, 7) Hamming code

correcting a single-bit error.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Error Detection Codes (3)

The NASA binary convolutional code used in 802.11.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Error-Detecting Codes (1)

Linear, systematic block codes

1. Parity.
2. Checksums.
3. Cyclic Redundancy Checks (CRCs).

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Error-Detecting Codes (2)

Interleaving of parity bits to detect a burst error.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Error-Detecting Codes (3)

Example calculation of the CRC

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Elementary Data Link Protocols (1)

• Utopian Simplex Protocol

• Simplex Stop-and-Wait Protocol
• Error-Free Channel
• Simplex Stop-and-Wait Protocol
• Noisy Channel

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Elementary Data Link Protocols (2)

Implementation of the physical, data link, and network layers.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Elementary Data Link Protocols (3)

...

Some definitions needed in the protocols to follow. These

definitions are located in the file protocol.h.
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Elementary Data Link Protocols (4)

...
Some definitions needed in the protocols to follow. These
definitions are located in the file protocol.h.
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Elementary Data Link Protocols (5)

Some definitions needed in the protocols to follow. These

definitions are located in the file protocol.h.
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Utopian Simplex Protocol (1)

...
A utopian simplex protocol.
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Utopian Simplex Protocol (2)

A utopian simplex protocol.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Simplex Stop-and-Wait Protocol
for a Noisy Channel (1)

...
A simplex stop-and-wait protocol.
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Simplex Stop-and-Wait Protocol
for a Noisy Channel (2)

A simplex stop-and-wait protocol.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Sliding Window Protocols (1)

...

A positive acknowledgement with retransmission protocol.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Sliding Window Protocols (2)

...
A positive acknowledgement with retransmission protocol.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Sliding Window Protocols (3)

A positive acknowledgement with retransmission protocol.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Sliding Window Protocols (4)

A sliding window of size 1, with a 3-bit sequence number.

(a) Initially. (b) After the first frame has been sent.
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Sliding Window Protocols (5)

A sliding window of size 1, with a 3-bit sequence number

(c) After the first frame has been received. (d) After the first
acknowledgement has been received.
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 One-Bit Sliding Window Protocol (1)

...
A 1-bit sliding window protocol.
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 One-Bit Sliding Window Protocol (2)

...

A 1-bit sliding window protocol.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 One-Bit Sliding Window Protocol (3)

A 1-bit sliding window protocol.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 One-Bit Sliding Window Protocol (4)

Two scenarios for protocol 4. (a) Normal case. (b) Abnormal

case. The notation is (seq, ack, packet number). An asterisk
indicates where a network layer accepts a packet
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Protocol Using Go-Back-N (1)

Pipelining and error recovery. Effect of an error when

(a) receiver’s window size is 1
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Protocol Using Go-Back-N (2)

Pipelining and error recovery. Effect of an error when

(b) receiver’s window size is large.
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Protocol Using Go-Back-N (3)

...
A sliding window protocol using go-back-n.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Protocol Using Go-Back-N (4)

...

A sliding window protocol using go-back-n.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Protocol Using Go-Back-N (5)

...

A sliding window protocol using go-back-n.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Protocol Using Go-Back-N (6)

...

A sliding window protocol using go-back-n.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Protocol Using Go-Back-N (7)

...
A sliding window protocol using go-back-n.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Protocol Using Go-Back-N (8)

...
A sliding window protocol using go-back-n.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Protocol Using Go-Back-N (9)

A sliding window protocol using go-back-n.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Protocol Using Go-Back-N (10)

Simulation of multiple timers in software. (a) The queued

timeouts (b) The situation after the first timeout has expired.
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Protocol Using Selective Repeat (1)

...
A sliding window protocol using selective repeat.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Protocol Using Selective Repeat (2)

...
A sliding window protocol using selective repeat.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Protocol Using Selective Repeat (3)

...
A sliding window protocol using selective repeat.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Protocol Using Selective Repeat (4)

...

A sliding window protocol using selective repeat.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Protocol Using Selective Repeat (5)

...

A sliding window protocol using selective repeat.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Protocol Using Selective Repeat (6)

...

A sliding window protocol using selective repeat.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Protocol Using Selective Repeat (7)

...

A sliding window protocol using selective repeat.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Protocol Using Selective Repeat (8)

...

A sliding window protocol using selective repeat.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Protocol Using Selective Repeat (9)

A sliding window protocol using selective repeat.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Protocol Using Selective Repeat (10)

a) Initial situation with a window of size7

b) After 7 frames sent and received but not acknowledged.
c) Initial situation with a window size of 4.
d) After 4 frames sent and received but not acknowledged.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Example Data Link Protocols

1. Packet over SONET

2. ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Loop)

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Packet over SONET (1)

Packet over SONET. (a) A protocol stack. (b) Frame relationships

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Packet over SONET (2)

PPP Features
1. Separate packets, error detection
2. Link Control Protocol
3. Network Control Protocol

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Packet over SONET (3)

The PPP full frame format for unnumbered mode operation

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Packet over SONET (4)

State diagram for bringing a PPP link up and down

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 ADSL (Asymmetric Digital
Subscriber Loop) (1)

ADSL protocol stacks.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 ADSL (Asymmetric Digital
Subscriber Loop) (1)

AAL5 frame carrying PPP data

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 End

Chapter 3

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011