Chapter 7

Arrays

Namiq Sultan
University of Duhok
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Reference: Starting Out with C++, Tony Gaddis, 2nd Ed.

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7.1 Arrays Hold Multiple values

• Unlike regular variables, arrays can hold multiple values.

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Figure 7-1

int count Enough memory for 1 int

12345

float price Enough memory for 1 float

56.981

char letter Enough memory for 1 char

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Figure 7-2

int Days[6]; Days[0] 1st Element

Days[1] 2nd Element
Days[2] 3rd Element
Days[3] 4th Element
Days[4] 5th Element
Days[5] 6th Element

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 Table 7-1

Number of Size of Size of the

Array Declaration
Elements Each Element Array

c h a r le tte r s [2 5 ]; 25 1 byte 25 bytes

s h o r t r in g s [ 1 0 0 ]; 100 2 bytes 200 bytes

in t m ile s [ 8 4 ]; 84 4 bytes 336 bytes

flo a t t e m p [ 1 2 ]; 12 4 bytes 48 bytes

d o u b le d D is ta n c e [ 1 0 0 0 ]; 1000 8 bytes 8000 bytes

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7.2 Accessing Array elements

• The individual elements of an array are assigned unique

subscripts. These subscripts are used to access the
elements.

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 Program 7-1
// This program asks the user for the number of hours worked
// by 6 employees. It uses a 6-element int array to store the values.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
short hours[6];
cout << "Enter the hours worked: ";
cin >> hours[0];
cin >> hours[1];
cin >> hours[2];
cin >> hours[3];

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 cin >> hours[4];
cin >> hours[5];
cout << "The hours you entered are:";
cout << " " << hours[0];
cout << " " << hours[1];
cout << " " << hours[2];
cout << " " << hours[3];
cout << " " << hours[4];
cout << " " << hours[5] << endl;
}

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 Program Output with Example Input

Enter the hours worked: 20 12 40 30 30 15 [Enter]

The hours you entered are: 20 12 40 30 30 15

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Figure 7-7

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Program 7-2
// This program asks the user for the number of hours worked
// by 6 employees. It uses a 6-element short array.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
short hours[6];
cout << "Enter the hours worked by six employees: ";
for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++)
cin >> hours[i];
cout << "The hours you entered are:";
for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++)
cout << " " << hours[i];
cout << endl;
}
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Program Output with Example Input

Enter the hours worked by six employees: 20 12 40 30 30 15 [Enter]

The hours you entered are: 20 12 40 30 30 15

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7.4 Array Initialization

• Arrays may be initialized when they are declared.

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Program 7-6
// This program displays the number of days in each month.
// It uses a 12-element int array.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int days[12] = {31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31};
for (int i = 0; i < 12; i++)
{
cout << "Month " << (i + 1) << " has ";
cout << days[i] << " days.\n";
}
return 0;
}

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Program Output

Month 1 has 31 days.

Month 2 has 28 days.
Month 3 has 31 days.
Month 4 has 30 days.
Month 5 has 31 days.
Month 6 has 30 days.
Month 7 has 31 days.
Month 8 has 31 days.
Month 9 has 30 days.
Month 10 has 31 days.
Month 11 has 30 days.
Month 12 has 31 days.

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 Program 7-7
// This program uses an array of ten characters to store
// the first ten letters of the alphabet. The ASCII codes
// of the characters are displayed.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
char letters[10] = {'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'H', 'I', 'J'};
cout << "Character" << "\t" << "ASCII Code\n";
cout << "--------" << "\t" << "----------\n";
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
cout << letters[i] << "\t\t";
cout << int(letters[i]) << endl;
}
return 0;
}
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Program Output

Character ASCII Code

--------- ----------
A 65
B 66
C 67
D 68
E 69
F 70
G 71
H 72
I 73
J 74

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 Partial Array Initialization

• When an array is being initialized, C++ does not require a

value for every element.

int numbers[7] = {1, 2, 4, 8};

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 Implicit Array Sizing
• It is possible to declare an array without specifying its size, as
long as you provide an initialization list.

float ratings[]={1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0};

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 Initializing With Strings

• When initializing a character array with a string, simply

enclose the string in quotation marks:

char name[] = "Warren";

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Figure 7-11

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 Program 7-9
// This program displays the contents of two char arrays.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
char name1[] = "Holly";
char name2[] = {'W', 'a', 'r', 'r', 'e', 'n', '\0'};

cout << name1 << endl;

cout << name2 << endl;
}

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Program Output

Holly
Warren

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7.5 Processing Array Contents

• Individual array elements are processed like any other type

of variable.

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 Program 7-10
// This program stores, in an array, the hours worked by 5
// employees who all make the same hourly wage.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int hours[5];
float payRate, grossPay ;

cout << "Enter the hours worked by 5 employees who all\n";

cout << "earn the same hourly rate.\n";
for (int index = 0; index < 5; index++)
{
cout << "Employee #" << (index + 1) << ": ";
cin >> hours[index];
}
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 cout << "Enter the hourly pay rate for the employees: ";
cin >> payRate;
cout << "Here is the gross pay for each employee:\n";

for (int index = 0; index < 5; index++)

{
grossPay = hours[index] * payRate;
cout << "Employee #" << (index + 1);
cout << ": $" << grossPay << endl;
}
}

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Program Output with Example Input
Enter the hours worked by 5 employees who all
earn the same hourly rate.
Employee #1: 5 [Enter]
Employee #2: 10 [Enter]
Employee #3: 15 [Enter]
Employee #4: 20 [Enter]
Employee #5: 40 [Enter]
Enter the hourly pay rate for all the employees: 12.75 [Enter]
Here is the gross pay for each employee:
Employee #1: $63.75
Employee #2: $127.50
Employee #3: $191.25
Employee #4: $255.00
Employee #5: $510.00

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7.8 Arrays As Function Arguments

• To pass an array as an argument to a function, pass the

name of the array.

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Program 7-13 Passing array element
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

void Show(int Num)

{
cout << Num << " ";
}
int main()
{
int collection[8] = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40};
for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++)
Show(collection[i]);
return 0;
}
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Program Output

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

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Program 7-14 Passing Array
void show(int nums[])
{
for (int index = 0; index < 8; index++)
cout << nums[index] << " ";
}

int main()
{
int collection[8] = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40};
show(collection); // Passing address of array collection
}

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Program Output

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

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Program 7-16
// Display the contents of an integer array of any size.
void show(int nums[], int elements){
for (int index = 0; index < elements; index++)
cout << nums[index] << " ";
}
int main(){
int set1[8] = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40};
int set2[4] = {2, 4, 6, 8};
int set3[12] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12};
show(set1, 8);
cout << endl;
show(set2, 4);
cout << endl;
show(set3, 12);
}
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Program Output

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
2468
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

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 Program 7-17
// Double the contents of the elements within an array.

void doubleArray(int [], int); // Function prototype

const int Size = 12;

int main()
{
int set[Size] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12};
cout << "The arrays values are:\n";
for (int index = 0; index < Size; index++)
cout << set[index] << " ";
cout << endl;
doubleArray(set, Size);
cout << "After calling doubleArray, the values are:\n";
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 for (int index = 0; index < Size; index++)
cout << set[index] << " ";
cout << endl;
return 0;
}

void doubleArray(int nums[], int size)

{
for (int index = 0; index < size; index++)
nums[index] *= 2;
}

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 Program Output

The array values are:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
After calling doubleArray, the values are:
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

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 Examples
• C++ program to find the largest number in a given array.
• Repeat (1) using a function that accepts an array and returns the
largest element.
• Construct an array of 20 elements of Fibonacci series 1, 1, 2, 3, 5,
8, 13, ...
• Sort an array of three elements.

HW:
• Count the repetition of number 0 in a given array.
• Find the sum of smallest and largest elements of a given array.
• Reverse the elements of a given array.
• C++ program to find the largest two numbers in a given array.
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7.10 Two-dimensional Arrays

• A two-dimensional array is like several identical arrays put

together. It is useful for storing multiple sets of data.

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 Program 7-18
// This program demonstrates a two-dimensional array.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
float sales[3][4]; // 2D array, 3 rows and 4 columns.
float totalSales = 0;// To hold the total sales.
int div, qtr; // Loop counters.

cout << "This program calculate the total sales of\n";

cout << "all the company's divisions.\n";
cout << "Enter the following sales information:\n\n";

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// Nested loops to fill the array with quarterly
// sales figures for each division.
for (div = 0; div < 3; div++)
{
for (qtr = 0; qtr < 4; qtr++)
{
cout << "Division " << (div + 1);
cout << ", Quarter " << (qtr + 1) << ": $";
cin >> sales[div][qtr];
}
cout << endl; // Print blank line.
}

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 // Nested loops to add all the elements.
for (div = 0; div < 3; div++)
for (qtr = 0; qtr < 4; qtr++)
totalSales += sales[div][qtr];

cout << "The total sales for the company are: $";
cout << totalSales << endl;
}

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Program Output with Example Input
This program will calculate the total sales of
all the company's divisions.
Enter the following sales information:

Division 1, Quarter 1: $31569.45 [Enter]

Division 1, Quarter 2: $29654.23 [Enter]
Division 1, Quarter 3: $32982.54 [Enter]
Division 1, Quarter 4: $39651.21 [Enter]

Division 2, Quarter 1: $56321.02 [Enter]

Division 2, Quarter 2: $54128.63 [Enter]
Division 2, Quarter 3: $41235.85 [Enter]
Division 2, Quarter 4: $54652.33 [Enter]

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Output continues

Division 3, Quarter 1: $29654.35 [Enter]

Division 3, Quarter 2: $28963.32 [Enter]
Division 3, Quarter 3: $25353.55 [Enter]
Division 3, Quarter 4: $32615.88 [Enter]

The total sales for the company are: $456782.34

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 Continued …

• Task: Modify the last program to print the sales of each

division quarterly.

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 Two-dimensional Array Initialization

• Both of the following declarations perform the same

initialization:
int Hours[3][2]={{8,5},{7,9},{6,3}};
int Hours[3][2]={8,5,7,9,6,3};

• It is helpful to write the declaration as:

int Hours[3][2]={ 8,5,
7,9,
6,3};

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Passing Two-dimensional Arrays to Functions

• When a two-dimensional array is passed to a

function, the parameter type must contain a size
declarator for the number of columns.

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 Program 7-19
// This program demonstrates a function that accepts a two-
// dimensional array as an argument.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void show(int [][4], int); // Function prototype

int main()
{
int Table[3][4] ={1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8,
9, 10, 11, 12};

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 int Table2[4][4] = {10, 20, 30, 40,
50, 60, 70, 80,
90, 100, 110, 120,
130, 140, 150, 160};
Cout<<"The contents of Table1 are:\n";
show(Table1, 3);
Cout<<"The contents of Table2 are:\n";
show(Table2, 4);
}

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// This function accepts a two-dimensional integer array as an
// argument. The array must have four columns. The second
// argument, Rows, specifies the number of rows in the array.
// The function displays the contents of the array.
void show(int Array[][4], int Rows)
{
for(int x=0; x<Rows; x++)
{
for(int y=0; y<4; y++)
cout<< Array[x][y] << "\t";
cout << endl;
}
}
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7.10 Arrays of Strings

• A two-dimensional array of characters can be used as an

array of C-strings.

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 Program 7-20
int main()
{
char months[12][10] = {"January", "February", "March",
"April", "May", "June", "July", "August", "September",
"October", "November",
"December"};
int days[12] = { 31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31};
for (int i = 0; i < 12; i++){
cout << months[i] << " has ";
cout << days[i] << " days.\n";
}
return 0;
}
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Program Output
January has 31 days.
February has 28 days.
March has 31 days.
April has 30 days.
May has 31 days.
June has 30 days.
July has 31 days.
August has 31 days.
September has 30 days.
October has 31 days.
November has 30 days.
December has 31 days.
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 Three Dimensional Arrays and Beyond

• C++ allows you to create arrays with virtually any number

of dimensions.
• Here is an example of a three-dimensional array
declaration:

float seat[3][5][8];

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 Homework
• Add two 3x3 matrices and put the result in a third matrix.
• Exchange the elements of first column and second column of a
given matrix.
• Find the sum of elements of upper-right triangle of a 5x5 matrix.
• Print the lower-left triangle of a 5x5 matrix.
• Write a program to print transpose of a matrix .

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