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Temperature and Heat (Chapter 17 of University Physics)

Thermodynamics is the study of energy transformations involving heat, work, and other aspects of energy. Temperature gauges the "hotness" and "coldness" of matter on a macroscopic and microscopic level. A thermometer uses measurable quantities like length or resistance that vary with temperature to accurately measure temperature. Thermal conductors allow interactions between systems while insulators prevent them. The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that if two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other. Different temperature scales like Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin relate to one another through linear relationships.

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116 views

Temperature and Heat (Chapter 17 of University Physics)

Thermodynamics is the study of energy transformations involving heat, work, and other aspects of energy. Temperature gauges the "hotness" and "coldness" of matter on a macroscopic and microscopic level. A thermometer uses measurable quantities like length or resistance that vary with temperature to accurately measure temperature. Thermal conductors allow interactions between systems while insulators prevent them. The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that if two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other. Different temperature scales like Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin relate to one another through linear relationships.

Uploaded by

Lester
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Temperature and Heat

(Chapter 17 of University Physics)

1
Thermodynamics
• the study of energy transformations
involving heat, mechanical work and other
aspects of energy and how these
transformations relate to properties of matter
• Macroscopic view – properties in bulk
(volume, pressure, etc.)
• Microscopic view – in terms of the behaviors
of individual atoms and molecules

2
Temperature
• gauges the “hotness” and “coldness” of matter
• quantified using bulk properties of matter
(macroscopic)
• kinetic energies of molecules (microscopic)

Measuring temperature using our senses can be


deceiving, so how do we accurately measure
temperature?
3
Thermometer
• uses measurable quantities that varies with
temperature (e.g., length, electric resistance,
pressure)

4
Thermal Conductors and Insulators
• If two bodies are separated by an insulator, they
influence each other slowly
• An ideal insulator prevents any thermal interactions
between systems
• A conductor permits thermal interactions between
systems

5
The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
Consider 3 systems A, B and C

6
The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
• Thermal equilibrium is the state in which
interaction between two bodies causes no
further changes in the whole system.
• If C is initially in thermal equilibrium with
both A and B, then A and B are also in thermal
equilibrium with each other.
• Two systems are in thermal equilibrium iff
they have the same temperature!

7
Thus, the thermometer actually measures
its own temperature after it has reached
thermal equilibrium with another body.

8
Celsius Temperature Scale
• Celsius Temperature Scale
– Commonly used in everyday life (e.g. weather
reports, body temperature)
– Scheme dependent on the boiling point and
freezing point of water
– Label freezing point to be zero. Label boiling
point to be 100
– Divide the interval by 100 to equal, smaller
intervals (degrees)

9
The length of the column of mercury in a
thermometer is 4 cm when the thermometer is
immersed in ice water and 24 cm when the
thermometer is immersed in boiling water. What
should the temperature reading be in Celsius
when the length of the mercury is 10 cm?

Answer: 30oC

10
Farenheit Temperature Scale
• Freezing Point: 32oF
• Boiling Point: 212oF
• 180 degrees temperature interval

 
5 𝑜
𝑇 𝐶 = (𝑇 ¿ 𝐹 − 32 )¿
¿
9
11
Temperature Scales
• For any two temperature scales with linear
relationship, say scales A and B:

12
Kelvin Temperature Scale
• Two different thermometers (say
liquid-in-tube and resistance-
based) calibrated to agree at 0OC
and 100OC may not agree
exactly at intermediate
temperatures.
• Sometimes, we want our
thermometers to be material
independent. This is where gas-
thermometers come in!
13
Kelvin Temperature Scale

14
Kelvin Temperature Scale
• In the Kelvin scale, we can define a single reference
temperature since for a gas with constant volume (T
should be in kelvins!)

• We choose the reference temp. to be the triple point of


water so that (Ttriple = 273.16 K, ptriple = about 0.006
atm)

15

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