Chapter 5

Light: The Cosmic Messenger

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 5.1 Basic Properties of Light and Matter

Our goals for learning:

• What is light?
• What is matter?
• How do light and matter interact?

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 What is light?

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 Light is an
electromagnetic wave.

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 Anatomy of a Wave
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 Wavelength and Frequency

wavelength  frequency = speed of light = constant

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 The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Electromagnetic Spectrum
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 Particles of Light
• Particles of light are called photons.
• Each photon has a wavelength and a
frequency.
• The energy of a photon depends on its
frequency.

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 Wavelength, Frequency, and Energy

  f = c
 = wavelength, f = frequency
c = 3.00  108 m/s = speed of light

E = h  f = photon energy
h = 6.626  10-34 joule  s = photon energy

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 Thought Question

The higher the photon energy,

A. the longer its wavelength.
B. the shorter its wavelength.
C. Energy is independent of wavelength.

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 Thought Question

The higher the photon energy,

A. the longer its wavelength.
B. the shorter its wavelength.
C. Energy is independent of wavelength.

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 What is matter?

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 Atomic Terminology
• Atomic Number = # of protons in nucleus
• Atomic Mass Number = # of protons + # of neutrons

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 Atomic Terminology
• Isotope: same # of protons
but different # of neutrons
(4He, 3He)

• Molecules:
consist of two or
more atoms (H2O,
CO2)

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 How do light and matter interact?
• Emission
• Absorption
• Transmission
— Transparent objects transmit light.
— Opaque objects block (absorb) light.
• Reflection or scattering

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 Reflection and Scattering

Mirror reflects Movie screen scatters light in all

light in a directions.
particular
direction.
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 Interactions of Light with Matter

Interactions between light and matter determine the

appearance of everything around us.
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 Thought Question

Why is a rose red?

A. The rose absorbs red light.
B. The rose transmits red light.
C. The rose emits red light.
D. The rose reflects red light.

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 Thought Question

Why is a rose red?

A. The rose absorbs red light.
B. The rose transmits red light.
C. The rose emits red light.
D. The rose reflects red light.

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 What have we learned?
• What is light?
— Light is a form of energy.
— Light comes in many colors that combine to form
white light.
— Light is an electromagnetic wave that also comes in
individual “pieces” called photons. Each photon has
a precise wavelength, frequency, and energy.
— Forms of light are radio waves, microwaves,
infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X rays, and gamma
rays.
• What is matter?
— Ordinary matter is made of atoms, which are made of
protons, neutrons, and electrons.

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 What have we learned?
• How do light and matter interact?
— Matter can emit light, absorb light, transmit
light, and reflect (or scatter) light.
— Interactions between light and matter
determine the appearance of everything we
see.

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 5.2 Learning from Light
Our goals for learning:
• What are the three basic types of spectra?
• How does light tell us what things are made
of?
• How does light tell us the temperatures of
planets and stars?
• How does light tell us the speed of a distant
object?

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 What are the three basic types of
spectra?
Continuous Spectrum

Emission Line Spectrum

Absorption Line Spectrum

Spectra of astrophysical objects are usually combinations of

these three basic types.

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 Introduction to Spectroscopy
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 Three Types of Spectra

Illustrating Kirchhoff's Laws

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 Continuous Spectrum

• The spectrum of a common (incandescent) light

bulb spans all visible wavelengths, without
interruption.

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 Emission Line Spectrum

• A thin or low-density cloud of gas emits light only at

specific wavelengths that depend on its composition and
temperature, producing a spectrum with bright emission
lines.

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 Absorption Line Spectrum

• A cloud of gas between us and a light bulb can absorb light

of specific wavelengths, leaving dark absorption lines in
the spectrum.

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 How does light tell us what
things are made of?

Spectrum of the Sun

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 Chemical Fingerprints
• Each type of atom
has a unique set of
energy levels.

• Each transition
corresponds to a
unique photon
energy, frequency,
and wavelength.

Energy levels of hydrogen

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 Chemical Fingerprints
• Downward
transitions
produce a unique
pattern of
emission lines.

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 Production of Emission Lines
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 Chemical Fingerprints
• Because those atoms
can absorb photons
with those same
energies, upward
transitions produce a
pattern of absorption
lines at the same
wavelengths.

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 Production of Absorption Lines
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 Production of Emission Lines
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 Chemical Fingerprints

• Each type of atom has a unique spectral fingerprint.

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 Composition of a Mystery Gas
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 Chemical Fingerprints

• Observing the fingerprints in a spectrum tells us

which kinds of atoms are present.

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 Example: Solar Spectrum

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 Thought Question
Which letter(s) label(s) absorption lines?

A B C D E

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 Thought Question
Which letter(s) label(s) absorption lines?

A B C D E

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 Thought Question
Which letter(s) label(s) the peak (greatest
intensity) of infrared light?

A B C D E

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 Thought Question
Which letter(s) label(s) the peak (greatest
intensity) of infrared light?

A B C D E

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 Thought Question
Which letter(s) label(s) emission lines?

A B C D E

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 Thought Question
Which letter(s) label(s) emission lines?

A B C D E

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 How does light tell us the
temperatures of planets and stars?

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 Thermal Radiation

• Nearly all large or dense objects emit thermal

radiation, including stars, planets, and you.

• An object’s thermal radiation spectrum depends

on only one property: its temperature.

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 Properties of Thermal Radiation
1. Hotter objects emit more light at all frequencies per
unit area.
2. Hotter objects emit photons with a higher average
energy.

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 Wien’s Law

Wien’s Law
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 Thought Question
Which is hottest?
A. A blue star
B. A red star
C. A planet that emits only infrared light

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 Thought Question
Which is hotter?
A. A blue star
B. A red star
C. A planet that emits only infrared light

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 Thought Question
Why don’t we glow in the dark?
A. People do not emit any kind of light.
B. People only emit light that is invisible to our
eyes.
C. People are too small to emit enough light for us
to see.
D. People do not contain enough radioactive
material.

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 Thought Question
Why don’t we glow in the dark?
A. People do not emit any kind of light.
B. People only emit light that is invisible to our
eyes.
C. People are too small to emit enough light for us
to see.
D. People do not contain enough radioactive
material.

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 Interpreting an Actual Spectrum

• By carefully studying the features in a

spectrum, we can learn a great deal about
the object that created it.

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 What is this object?

Reflected sunlight:
Continuous spectrum of
visible light is like the
Sun’s except that some of
the blue light has been
absorbed—the object
must look red.
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 What is this object?

Thermal radiation:
Infrared spectrum peaks
at a wavelength
corresponding to a
temperature of 225 K.

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 What is this object?

Carbon dioxide:
Absorption lines are the
fingerprint of CO2 in the
atmosphere.

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 What is this object?

Ultraviolet emission lines:

Indicate a hot upper
atmosphere

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 What is this object?

Mars!

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 How does light tell us the speed
of a distant object?

The Doppler Effect

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 The Doppler Effect

Hearing the Doppler Effect as a Car Passes

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 Explaining the Doppler Effect

Understanding the Cause of the Doppler Effect

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 Same for
light

The Doppler Effect for Visible Light

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 Measuring the Shift
Stationary

Moving Away

Away Faster

Moving Toward

Toward Faster

• We generally measure the Doppler effect from shifts in

the wavelengths of spectral lines.
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 The amount of blue or red shift tells us an
object’s speed toward or away from us.

The Doppler Shift of an Emission Line Spectrum

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 Doppler shift tells us ONLY about the part of an
object’s motion toward or away from us.

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 Thought Question
I measure a line in the lab at 500.7 nm. The
same line in a star has wavelength 502.8 nm.
What can I say about this star?
A. It is moving away from me.
B. It is moving toward me.
C. It has unusually long spectral lines.

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 Thought Question
I measure a line in the lab at 500.7 nm. The
same line in a star has wavelength 502.8 nm.
What can I say about this star?
A. It is moving away from me.
B. It is moving toward me.
C. It has unusually long spectral lines.

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 Measuring
Redshift

The Doppler Shift of an Emission Line Spectrum

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 Measuring
Redshift

Doppler Shift of Absorption Lines

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 Measuring
Velocity

Determining the Velocity of a Gas Cloud

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 Measuring
Velocity

Determining the Velocity of a Cold Cloud of Hydrogen Gas

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 What have we learned?
• What are the three basic types of spectra?
— Continuous spectrum, emission line
spectrum, absorption line spectrum
• How does light tell us what things are
made of?
— Each atom has a unique fingerprint.
— We can determine which atoms something is
made of by looking for their fingerprints in
the spectrum.

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 What have we learned?
• How does light tell us the temperatures of
planets and stars?
— Nearly all large or dense objects emit a
continuous spectrum that depends on
temperature.
— The spectrum of that thermal radiation tells
us the object’s temperature.

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 What have we learned?
• How does light tell us the speed of a distant object?
— The Doppler effect tells us how fast an object is
moving toward or away from us.
• Blueshift: objects moving toward us
• Redshift: objects moving away from us

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 5.3 Collecting Light with Telescopes

Our goals for learning:

• How do telescopes help us learn about the
universe?
• Why do we put telescopes into space?
• How is technology revolutionizing
astronomy?

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 How do telescopes help us learn
about the universe?
• Telescopes collect more light than our eyes 
light-collecting area
• Telescopes can see more detail than our eyes 
angular resolution
• Telescopes/instruments can detect light that is
invisible to our eyes (e.g., infrared, ultraviolet)

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 Bigger is better
1. Larger light-collecting area

2. Better angular resolution

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 Bigger is better

Light Collecting Area of a Reflector

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 Angular Resolution

• The minimum
angular separation
that the telescope
can distinguish

Angular Resolution Explained Using Approaching Car Lights

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 Angular Resolution: Smaller Is Better

Effect of Mirror Size on Angular Resolution

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 Basic Telescope Design
• Refracting: lenses

Refracting telescope Yerkes 1-m refractor

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 Basic Telescope Design
• Reflecting: mirrors
• Most research telescopes today
are reflecting

Reflecting telescope Gemini North 8-m

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 Keck I and Keck II
Mauna Kea, Hawaii

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 Mauna Kea, Hawaii
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 Different designs for different wavelengths of light

Radio telescope (Arecibo, Puerto Rico)

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 X-ray Telescope: “grazing incidence” optics

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 Want to buy your own telescope?
• Buy binoculars first (e.g., 7  35) — you get
much more for the same amount of money.
• Ignore magnification (sales pitch!).
• Notice: aperture size, optical quality,
portability.
• Consumer research: Astronomy, Sky &
Telescope, Mercury magazines; astronomy
clubs.

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 Why do we put telescopes into
space?
It is NOT because they are closer
to the stars!

Recall our 1-to-10 billion scale:

• Sun size of grapefruit
• Earth size of a tip of a
ballpoint pen, 15 m from
Sun
• Nearest stars 4000 km away
• Hubble orbit
microscopically above tip
of a ballpoint pen-size Earth

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 Observing problems due to Earth’s atmosphere

1. Light pollution

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 2. Turbulence causes twinkling  blurs images

Star viewed with View from Hubble

ground-based telescope Space Telescope

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 3. Atmosphere absorbs most of EM spectrum, including
all UV and X ray and most infrared.

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 Telescopes in space solve all three problems.
• Location/technology can help overcome
light pollution and turbulence.
• Nothing short of going to space can solve the
problem of atmospheric absorption of light.

Chandra X-Ray
Observatory

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 How is technology revolutionizing
astronomy?
Adaptive optics
• Rapid changes in mirror shape compensate for atmospheric
turbulence.

Without adaptive optics With adaptive optics

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 Adaptive Optics
Jupiter’s moon Io observed with the Keck telescope

without adaptive optics with adaptive optics

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 Interferometry
• This technique allows two or more small telescopes to
work together to obtain the angular resolution of a
larger telescope.

Very Large Array (VLA), New Mexico

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 The Moon would be a great spot for an observatory (but at
what price?).
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 What have we learned?
• How do telescopes help us learn about the
universe?
—We can see fainter objects and more detail
than we can see by eye. Specialized
telescopes allow us to learn more than we
could from visible light alone.
• Why do we put telescopes into space?
—They are above Earth’s atmosphere and
therefore not subject to light pollution,
atmospheric distortion, or atmospheric
absorption of light.

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 What have we learned?
• How is technology revolutionizing
astronomy?
— Technology greatly expands the capabilities
of telescopes.
— Adaptive optics can overcome the distorting
effects of Earth’s atmosphere.
— Interferometry allows us to link many
telescopes so that they act like a much larger
telescope.

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