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1. The document discusses multiprocessor systems and operating systems. It defines a multiprocessor as a computer with more than one CPU that shares memory and peripherals. 2. Advantages of multiprocessors include increased throughput by completing work faster using multiple CPUs, improved reliability if one CPU fails, and lower costs through resource sharing. 3. Multiprocessor operating systems require features for communication between CPUs like process synchronization and scheduling across multiple processors. Symmetric multiprocessors have one copy of the OS that can run on any CPU.

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39 views13 pages

Week 2 (Autosaved)

1. The document discusses multiprocessor systems and operating systems. It defines a multiprocessor as a computer with more than one CPU that shares memory and peripherals. 2. Advantages of multiprocessors include increased throughput by completing work faster using multiple CPUs, improved reliability if one CPU fails, and lower costs through resource sharing. 3. Multiprocessor operating systems require features for communication between CPUs like process synchronization and scheduling across multiple processors. Symmetric multiprocessors have one copy of the OS that can run on any CPU.

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WEEK 2

OPERATING SYSTEM-2

Docent: Rakesh Sahu


October – 2019
OUTLINE THIS WEEK-2
 Remember the previous class? “Revision”
Virtualization Basics (hypervisor1 and hypervisor  2)
 Multiple Processor Systems
MULTIPROCESSORS
What is Multiprocessor ?
- A computer with more than one central processor.
Or
- Multiple CPU with a Shared memory.
A shared-memory multiprocessor is a computer system in which two
or more CPUs share full access to a common RAM.
Multiprocessor : It is a computer with more then one CPU, each share bus, main
memory and peripheral, in order to simultaneously process programs.
- These system are also known as tightly coupled systems.
- Multiprocessors are used when very high speed is required to process a large
volume of data.
- Multiprocessor system are based on the symmetric multiprocessing model, in
which each processors runs an identical copy of operating system & these copies
communicate with each other.

Fig: Symmetric Multiprocessing


Advantages of Multiprocessor Systems :

1. Increased Throughput : Increase in number of processor complete the work in


less time so number of process computed per unit time increases.

2. Increased reliability: Failure of one processor will not holt the whole system. Or
can say, the failure of one processor does not affect other processors, through it will
slow down the machine.

3. Economy of scale: because of resource sharing multiprocessor system is cheaper


then multiple single processor system.
MULTIPROCESSOR HARDWARE
 Shared Memory is of two type UMA and NUMA
 UMA (Uniform Memory Access)
 Time to access each memory word is the same
 Bus-based UMA
 CPUs connected to memory modules through switches
 NUMA (Non-uniform memory access)
 Memory distributed (partitioned among processors)
 Different access times for local and remote accesses

Bus-based multiprocessors
 NUMA :-
NUMA machines have three key characteristics that all of
them possess and
which together distinguish them from other multiprocessors:
1. There is a single address space visible to all CPUs.
2. Access to remote memory is
viaLOADandSTOREinstructions.
3. Access to remote memory is slower than access to local
memory.
MULTIPROCESSOR OPERATING SYSTEM TYPES

 Multiprocessor operating systems are the server operating systems with special
features for the communication and the connectivity.
 Multiprocessor operating systems are used where multiple CPUs connected into
a single system.
 Multiprocessor operating system (OS) is almost a regular OS as they also handle
system calls, do memory management, provide file system, and also manage
input/output devices.
 But, there are some extra features available in multiprocessor operating systems,
those extra features are listed below:
 Process synchronization

 Resource management

 Scheduling

 Here are the list of some various organizations of multiprocessor operating


systems:
- Each CPU has its own OS
- Master-Slave multiprocessors
- Symmetric multiprocessors
EACH CPU HAS ITS OWN OS
 The simplest possible way to organize a multiprocessor
operating system is to statically divide memory into as
many partitions as there are CPUs and give each CPU its
own private memory and its own private copy of the
operating system.
MASTER-SLAVE MULTIPROCESSORS

 Master-slave model solves most of the problems of the


first model. Thereis a single data structure (e.g., one list
or a set of prioritized lists) that keeps trackof ready
processes. When a CPU goes idle, it asks the operating
system on CPU 1 for a process to run and is assigned
one. Thus it can never happen that one CPU is idle while
another is overloaded. Similarly, pages can be allocated
among all theprocesses dynamically and there is only
one buffer cache, so inconsistencies never occur.
SYMMETRIC MULTIPROCESSORS
 There is one copy of the operating system in memory, but any
CPU can run it. When a system call is made, the CPU on which
the system call was made traps to the kernel and processes the
system call.

This model balances processes and memory dynamically.

It also eliminates the master CPU bottleneck,


since there is no master,
MULTIPROCESSOR SYNCHRONIZATION
 The CPUs in a multiprocessor frequently need to synchronize.
MULTIPROCESSOR SCHEDULING

 All modern operating systems support multithreaded processes,


which makes scheduling more complicated.

In multiple-processor scheduling multiple CPU’s are available and hence Load


Sharing becomes possible. However multiple processor scheduling is
more complex as compared to single processor scheduling. In multiple processor
scheduling there are cases when the processors are identical i.e. HOMOGENEOUS,
in terms of their functionality, we can use any processor available to run any process
in the queue.

Time Sharing

Space Sharing

Gang Scheduling

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