Example: Exercise 5.9.

4 (Pump)
z Pump

Flow Oil (S=0.82) Q  7 0 L ite r s / s  7 0 m 3 / s

D 1  1 8 0 m m  0 .1 8 m  r 1  0 . 0 9 m D 2  1 2 0 m m  0 .1 2 m  r 2  0 . 0 6 m
p 1  3 5 k N /m 2
p 2  1 2 0 k N /m 2

z1  0 z2  0

Want: Rate at which energy is delivered to oil by pump

 Example: Exercise 5.9.4 (Pump)
z Pump

Flow Oil (S=0.82) Q  7 0 L ite r s / s  7 0 m 3 / s

D 1  1 8 0 m m  0 .1 8 m  r 1  0 . 0 9 m D 2  1 2 0 m m  0 .1 2 m  r 2  0 . 0 6 m
p 1  3 5 k N /m 2
p 2  1 2 0 k N /m 2

z1  0 z2  0

Want: Rate at which energy is delivered to oil by pump

Q 0 .0 7 m 3 / s Q 0 .0 7 m 3 / s
V1    2 .7 5 0 8 m / s V2    6 .1 8 9 3 6 m / s
A 1  ( 0 .0 9 m ) 2 A 2  ( 0 .0 6 m ) 2
 Example: Exercise 5.9.4 (Pump)
z Pump

Flow Oil (S=0.82) Q  7 0 L ite r s / s  7 0 m 3 / s

D 1  1 8 0 m m  0 .1 8 m  r 1  0 . 0 9 m D 2  1 2 0 m m  0 .1 2 m  r 2  0 . 0 6 m
p 1  3 5 k N /m 2
p 2  1 2 0 k N /m 2

z1  0 z2  0

Want: Rate at which energy is delivered to oil by pump

Q 0 .0 7 m 3 / s Q 0 .0 7 m 3 / s
V1    2 .7 5 0 8 m / s V2    6 .1 8 9 3 6 m / s
A 1  ( 0 .0 9 m ) 2 A 2  ( 0 .0 6 m ) 2

Need to find hp associated with the pump: H 2  H 1 h p  hp H 2 H 1

 Example: Exercise 5.9.4 (Pump)

 p2 V 22   p 1 V 12 
h p  H 2  H 1  z2     z1 
  2 g    2 g 
 Example: Exercise 5.9.4 (Pump)

 p2 V 22   p 1 V 12 
h p  H 2  H 1  z2     z1 
  2 g    2 g 

 1 2 0 k N /m 2 ( 6 .1 8 9 3 6 m / s ) 2   3 5 kN /m 2 ( 2 .7 5 0 8 m / s ) 2 
hp   3  0  2    3  0  
 0 . 8 2 ( 9 . 8 1 k N / m ) 2 ( 9 . 8 1 m / s )   0 . 8 2 ( 9 . 8 1 k N / m ) 2 ( 9 .8 1 m / s 2 ) 

h p  1 2 .1 3 3 4 m
 Example: Exercise 5.9.4 (Pump)

 p2 V 22   p 1 V 12 
h p  H 2  H 1  z2     z1 
  2 g    2 g 

 1 2 0 k N /m 2 ( 6 .1 8 9 3 6 m / s ) 2   3 5 kN /m 2 ( 2 .7 5 0 8 m / s ) 2 
hp   3  0  2    3  0  
 0 . 8 2 ( 9 . 8 1 k N / m ) 2 ( 9 . 8 1 m / s )   0 . 8 2 ( 9 . 8 1 k N / m ) 2 ( 9 .8 1 m / s 2 ) 

h p  1 2 .1 3 3 4 m

Rate of transfer of energy = pow er   Q h p

 ( 0 . 8 2  9 . 8 1 k N / m 3 ) ( 0 . 0 7 m 3 / s ) ( 1 2 .1 3 3 4 m )
m k N
p o w e r  6 .8 3  6 .8 3 k W
s
 Example: Exercise 5.9.4 (Pump)

• Pumps (and also turbines) are characterized by their efficiency

 Example: Exercise 5.9.4 (Pump)

• Pumps (and also turbines) are characterized by their efficiency

• Say, in exercise 5.9.4 the pump is 90% efficient and we require

6.83 kW of output, then

input = 6.83 kW / 0.9 = 7.59 kW

 Example: Exercise 5.9.4 (Pump)

• Pumps (and also turbines) are characterized by their efficiency

• Say, in exercise 5.9.4 the pump is 90% efficient and we require

6.83 kW of output, then

input = 6.83 kW / 0.9 = 7.59 kW

• Pumps (and also turbines) are characterized by their efficiency.

p o w e r o u tp u t
Efficiency =  
p o w e r in p u t
General Energy Equation for Steady Flow of Any Fluid

First Law of Thermodynamics: For steady flow, external work done on any
system plus the thermal energy transferred
into or out of the system is equal to the change
of energy of the system
General Energy Equation for Steady Flow of Any Fluid

First Law of Thermodynamics: For steady flow, external work done on any
system plus the thermal energy transferred
into or out of the system is equal to the change
of energy of the system

(I) Using the first law of thermodynamics, (II) taking into account non-uniform
velocity at a cross-section of flow region, and (III) assuming flow goes from
section 1 to section 2, we can derive the following:

 p1 V 12   p2 V 22 
  z1 1  I1  h Q    z2 2  I2
1 2
M H
2g  2g 
 General Energy Equation for Steady Flow of Any Fluid

 p1 V 12   p2 V 22 
  z1 1  I1  h Q    z2 2  I2

 1 2 g 
M H

 2 2 g 

1 1
 
AV 3  dA
u 3
V  u dA
A

•  is a correction factor accounting for non-uniform velocity in cross-section

• If velocity is uniform in cross-section, then  1

 General Energy Equation for Steady Flow of Any Fluid

 p1 V 12   p2 V 22 
  z1 1  I1  h Q    z2 2  I2

 1 2 g 
M H

 2 2 g 

1 1
 
AV 3  dA
u 3
V  u dA
A

•  is a correction factor accounting for non-uniform velocity in cross-section

• If velocity is uniform in cross-section, then  1

• This general equation also takes into account changes in density (via  )
energy changes due to machines (via h M ) and due to heat transfer to
or from outside the fluid (via Q H )
 General Energy Equation for Steady Flow of Any Fluid

 p1 V 12   p2 V 22 
  z1 1  I1  h Q    z2 2  I2

 1 2 g 
M H

 2 2 g 

1 1
 
AV 3  dA
u 3
V  u dA
A

•  is a correction factor accounting for non-uniform velocity in cross-section

• If velocity is uniform in cross-section, then  1

• This general equation also takes into account changes in density (via  )
energy changes due to machines (via h M ) and due to heat transfer to
or from outside the fluid (via Q H )

• It also accounts for the conversions of other forms of fluid energy into internal
heat ( I ) c is specific heat of fluid
c T is temperature
internal energy per unit weight = I  T
g g is gravity
• Recall from chapter 2 that compressibility of a liquid is inversely proportional
to the bulk modulus of the liquid

• From table 2.1 (page 17 of text), for a wide range of temperatures the bulk
modulus of water is very high O(100,000 psi) relative to the usual pressures
in our problems

• Thus the compressibility of our most common liquid (water) is low and we
may treat it as incompressible (  1   2 ( 1   2 ) ) while still undergoing
changes in temperature and pressure
 General Energy Equation for Steady Flow of Any Fluid

• On a unit weight basis, the change in internal energy is equal to the heat
added to or removed from the fluid plus the heat generated by fluid friction:

I  (I2  I1)  Q H  h f
 General Energy Equation for Steady Flow of Any Fluid

• On a unit weight basis, the change in internal energy is equal to the heat
added to or removed from the fluid plus the heat generated by fluid friction:

I  (I2  I1)  Q H  h f

 h f  (I2  I1)  Q H

• The head loss due to friction is equal to the internal heat gain minus any
heat added from external sources, per unit weight of fluid
 General Energy Equation for Steady Flow of Any Fluid

• On a unit weight basis, the change in internal energy is equal to the heat
added to or removed from the fluid plus the heat generated by fluid friction:

I  (I2  I1)  Q H  h f

 h f  (I2  I1)  Q H

• The head loss due to friction is equal to the internal heat gain minus any
heat added from external sources, per unit weight of fluid

• Energy loss due to friction gets converted to internal energy (proportional to

temperature)
 Example: Exercise 5.3.5 (Friction Head Loss)

S of liquid in pipe = 0.85

A p A  1 7 0 k N /m 2
p B  2 7 5 k N /m 2

h  1 0 .5 m V A V ; Diameter at A = Diameter at B,
B z B
thus by continuity V A  V B  V

Want: Pipe friction head loss and direction of flow

 Example: Exercise 5.3.5 (Friction Head Loss)

S of liquid in pipe = 0.85

A p A  1 7 0 k N /m 2
p B  2 7 5 k N /m 2

h  1 0 .5 m V A V ; Diameter at A = Diameter at B,
B z B
thus by continuity V A  V B  V

Want: Pipe friction head loss and direction of flow

Assume flow goes from A to B: H B  H A  h f

h  H  H 0 ;V AV B
f A B

(pA pB) ( V A2  V B
2
)
h   (zA  zB ) 
f
 2g
 Example: Exercise 5.3.5 (Friction Head Loss)

S of liquid in pipe = 0.85

A p A  1 7 0 k N /m 2
p B  2 7 5 k N /m 2

h  1 0 .5 m V A V ; Diameter at A = Diameter at B,
B z B
thus by continuity V A  V B  V

(pA pB) (1 7 0  2 7 5 ) k N /m 2
h   (z A  zB )   1 0 .5 m   2 . 0 9 m
f
 0 .8 5  9 .8 1 k N / m 3

Thus flow goes from B to A and h f  2 .0 9 m

 Example: Exercise 5.3.5 (Friction Head Loss)

S of liquid in pipe = 0.85

A p A  1 7 0 k N /m 2
p B  2 7 5 k N /m 2

h  1 0 .5 m V A V ; Diameter at A = Diameter at B,
B z B
thus by continuity V A  V B  V

(pA pB) (1 7 0  2 7 5 ) k N /m 2
h   (z A  zB )   1 0 .5 m   2 . 0 9 m
f
 0 .8 5  9 .8 1 k N / m 3

Thus flow goes from B to A and h f  2 .0 9 m

Let pB  p A . If flow goes from B to A, h f  0 and

( p A  pB ) ( pB  p A )
 ( z A  zB )  0   ( z A  z B )  ( pB  p A )   ( z A  z B )
 
 Role of pressure difference (pressure gradient)

h  (zA  zB ) pB  p A
B z

Thus flow will go from B (high pressure) to A (low pressure), only if

( pB  p A )   ( z A  z B )   h

Otherwise flow will go from A (low pressure) to B (high pressure)

 Role of pressure difference (pressure gradient)

h  (zA  zB ) pB  p A
B z

Thus flow will go from B (high pressure) to A (low pressure), only if

( pB  p A )   ( z A  z B )   h

Otherwise flow will go from A (low pressure) to B (high pressure)

In general, the pressure force (resulting from a pressure difference) wants to

move a fluid from a high pressure region towards a low pressure region

For a flow to actually go from a high pressure region towards a low pressure
region, the pressure force must be higher than other forces that could be
trying to move fluid in opposite direction (e.g. gravitational force in exercise 5.3.5)
Energy Grade Line (EGL) and Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL)

Graphical interpretations of the energy along a pipeline may be obtained

through the EGL and HGL:

p V 2
EG L    z
 2g

p
H G L   z


EGL and HGL may be obtained via a pitot tube and a piezometer tube,
respectively
Energy Grade Line (EGL) and Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL)
p V 2 p
EG L    z H G L   z hLh f - head loss, say,
 2g  due to friction

EGL

HGL h L

V 22
piezometer 2g
tube pitot tube

p 2 /

z2
z1

Datum ( z  0 )
Energy Grade Line (EGL) and Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL)
p V 2 p
EG L    z H G L   z hLh
 2g 
f

EGL

Large V2/2g because

smaller pipe here
HGL
Steeper EGL and HGL
because greater hL
per length of pipe

Head loss at
submerged discharge

p /

z0
Energy Grade Line (EGL) and Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL)

p p
Positive Negative
Positive
 

EGL
p /

HGL z
V 2
2g p V 2
EG L    z
 2g
z0 p
H G L   z

hLh f

P
If H G L  z then  0 and cavitation may be possible

Energy Grade Line (EGL) and Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL)

Helpful hints when drawing HGL and EGL:

1. EGL = HGL + V2/2g, EGL = HGL for V=0

2. If p=0, then HGL=z

3. A change in pipe diameter leads to a change in V (V2/2g) due to continuity

and thus a change in distance between HGL and EGL

4. A change in head loss (hL) leads to a change in slope of EGL and HGL

P
5. If H G L  z then  0 and cavitation may be possible

 Helpful hints when drawing HGL and EGL (cont.):

6. A sudden head loss due to a turbine leads to a sudden drop in EGL and HGL

7. A sudden head gain due to a pump leads to a sudden rise in EGL and HGL

8. A sudden head loss due to a submerged discharge leads to a sudden drop in EGL