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Actuators

The document discusses different types of actuators. Actuators are devices that produce motion or action in response to an input signal. Common types include hydraulic, pneumatic, electrical, and piezoelectric actuators. Hydraulic actuators use fluid power to produce linear or rotary motion, while pneumatic actuators operate using compressed air. Electrical actuators include motors, solenoids, and piezoelectric actuators, which convert electrical signals into precise mechanical motion. The document provides examples of applications for different actuator types.

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Rajesh Kumar
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183 views

Actuators

The document discusses different types of actuators. Actuators are devices that produce motion or action in response to an input signal. Common types include hydraulic, pneumatic, electrical, and piezoelectric actuators. Hydraulic actuators use fluid power to produce linear or rotary motion, while pneumatic actuators operate using compressed air. Electrical actuators include motors, solenoids, and piezoelectric actuators, which convert electrical signals into precise mechanical motion. The document provides examples of applications for different actuator types.

Uploaded by

Rajesh Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Presentation on

Actuators
What is an actuator?
 Actuators are devices used to produce action or motion.

 Input(mainly electrical signal , air, fluids)

 Electrical signal can be low power or high power.

 Actuators output can be position or rate i. e.


linear displacement or velocity.

 Actuation can be from few microns to few meters


Actuator functional diagram

Unmodulate
Energy source

Control Power
Energy
signal amplification A Output
conversion
& modulation

Actuator
Types of actuators:
Hydraulic actuator.
Pneumatic actuator.
Mechanical actuator.
Electrical actuator

 Linear actuator: solenoid, Hydraulic/Pneumatic.

 Rotary actuator: motor, Hydraulic/Pneumatic.


Solenoid:
 A solenoid is a coil wound into a tightly packed helix.

 In physics, the term solenoid refers to a long, thin loop


of wire, and wrapped around a metallic core.

 which produces a magnetic field when an electric current


is passed through it.
Application
 Pneumatic valve.

 Car door openers.

Solenoids controlled valves


Hydraulic cylinder

Single pressure line


Hydraulic actuator:
 Hydraulic systems are used to control & transmit power.

 A pump driven by prime mover (electric motor) creates flow of fluid

Types of hydraulic actuator


Linear actuator (hydraulic cylinder)-
 Provides motion in straight line.
 Linear displacement depends on stroke length.
 Usually referred to as cylinders, rams (single acting cylinders)
or jacks.

Rotary actuators (Hydraulic motors)-


 Produces continuous rotational motion.
 Pump shaft is rotated to generate flow.
 A motor shaft is caused to rotate by fluid being forced into the
driving chambers.
Semi rotary actuators-
 Produces non-continuous rotational motion.
 Limited to less than one revolution (<360°).
 Used to produce oscillatory motions in mechanisms.

Applications
 Hydraulic jack.

 Hydraulic brake.

 Hydraulic ram.

 Used as sensor.
 Close loop velocity controlling.
 Highly precise positioning for heavy loads.
Pneumatic actuator
 It convert energy formed by compressed air at high pressure
into ether linear or rotary motion.

 Quickly respond in operation.

CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES OF CYLINDER


Hydraulic & pneumatic actuators: cylinders
Single acting: Double acting piston:
work can be done only in one direction
Work is done in both directions

Plunger

Piston rod on both sides

Piston

Tandem

Telescopic
Telescopic

10
Double acting cylinder with & without cushioning

 Non cushioned cylinders


are suitable for full stroke
working at slow speed.

 Higher speeds with


external cushions.
Rotary hydraulic actuators
Vane rotary actuator: Parallel
piston
 Limited angle in both directions. rotary
 Maximum angle always smaller than 360° actuator

 The same torque in both directions.

Limited angle rotary Limited angle rotary


actuator actuator

Piston rotary actuator:


 With rack and gear coupling.
 Here maximum angle may be larger than 360°

12
Mechanical actuator

 Mechanical linear actuators typically


operate by conversion of rotary
motion into linear motion.

Types of mechanics
 Screw

 Wheel and axle

 Cam
Electrical actuator
 Electrically actuated system are very widely used in control system

Working Principle of motor

Every motor works on the principle that when a current-carrying


conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a mechanical force.

 There are three types of motor used in control system

 D.C. motor

 A.C. motor

 Stepper motor
 A.C. motor

 Stepper motor
A stepper motor is an electromechanical device which converts electrical pulses
into discrete mechanical movements.

 Permanent magnet type

 Variable reluctance type

 Hybrid type
Piezoelectric actuators
 Pierre and Jacques Curie discovered the piezoelectric effect in 1880.

 The application of an electric field to a piezoelectric crystal leads to a


physical deformation of the crystal.

 Piezoelectric materials are: Quartz, Ceramics, PZT(lead zirconate


titanade).
 Advantages
 short response time.
 An ability to create high forces.
 A high efficiency and a high mechanical durability.
 Disadvantage
 Have small strains. (0.1-.2%)
 High supply voltage needed.(60-1000V)
 Large hysteresis.(actuator doesn’t go back to exactly
where it started).
Configuration
 A piezo ceramic crystal is coated with silver on both sides.

 Glued to a brass, nickel alloy, or stainless steel disk.

 Brass:
 Commercial & industrial use.(not subjected to environment )

 Nickel alloy:

 Use where it subjected to environment.

 Stainless steel:
 Uses where it subjected to solvent, corrosive chemical,
Underwater .
 Medical fields.
Types of piezoelectric actuators
Piezoelectric Stack Actuators
 Produce linear motion.

Linear motor

Piezoelectric bender actuator


Other type of actuator
Heaters - used with temperature sensors And temperature controller
to control the temperature in automated moulding
Equipment and in soldering operation.

Lights - Lights are used on almost all machines to indicate the


machine state and provide feedback to the operator.
 LED
 LCD’s
 Gas plasma display
 CRT

Sirens/Horns - Sirens or horns can be useful for unattended or


dangerous machines to make conditions well known.

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