PowerPoint® Lecture Slides

prepared by
Janice Meeking,
Mount Royal College

CHAPTER 5
The
Integumentary
System

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 Skin (Integument)

• Consists of three major regions

1. Epidermis—superficial region
2. Dermis—middle region
3. Hypodermis (superficial fascia)—deepest
region
• Subcutaneous layer deep to skin (not
technically part of skin)
• Mostly adipose tissue

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 Hair shaft
Dermal papillae
Epidermis Subpapillary
Papillary vascular plexus
layer Pore
Appendages
of skin
Dermis
Reticular • Eccrine sweat
layer gland
• Arrector pili
muscle
Hypodermis • Sebaceous
(superficial fascia) (oil) gland
• Hair follicle
Nervous structures • Hair root
• Sensory nerve fiber Cutaneous vascular
• Pacinian corpuscle plexus
• Hair follicle receptor Adipose tissue
(root hair plexus)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.1

 Epidermis

• Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

• Cells of epidermis
• Keratinocytes—produce fibrous protein keratin
• Melanocytes
• 10–25% of cells in lower epidermis
• Produce pigment melanin
• Epidermal dendritic (Langerhans) cells—macrophages
that help activate immune system
• Tactile (Merkel) cells—touch receptors

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 Stratum corneum
Most superficial layer; 20–30 layers of dead
cells represented only by flat membranous
sacs filled with keratin. Glycolipids in
extracellular space.
Stratum granulosum
Three to five layers of flattened cells,
organelles deteriorating; cytoplasm full of
lamellated granules (release lipids) and
keratohyaline granules.
Stratum spinosum
Several layers of keratinocytes unified by
desmosomes. Cells contain thick bundles of
intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin.
Stratum basale
Deepest epidermal layer; one row of actively
mitotic stem cells; some newly formed cells
become part of the more superficial layers.
(a) See occasional melanocytes and epidermal
Dermis
dendritic cells.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.2a
 Layers of the Epidermis: Stratum Basale
(Basal Layer)
• Deepest epidermal layer firmly attached to the
dermis
• Single row of stem cells
• Also called stratum germinativum: cells
undergo rapid division
• Journey from basal layer to surface
• Takes 25–45 days

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 Layers of the Epidermis: Stratum Spinosum
(Prickly Layer)
• Cells contain a weblike system of intermediate
prekeratin filaments attached to desmosomes
• Abundant melanin granules and dendritic cells

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 Layers of the Epidermis: Stratum
Granulosum (Granular Layer)
• Thin; three to five cell layers in which the cells
flatten
• Keratohyaline and lamellated granules
accumulate

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 Layers of the Epidermis: Stratum Lucidum
(Clear Layer)
• In thick skin
• Thin, transparent band superficial to the
stratum granulosum
• A few rows of flat, dead keratinocytes

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 Layers of the Epidermis: Stratum Corneum
(Horny Layer)
• 20–30 rows of dead, flat, keratinized
membranous sacs
• Three-quarters of the epidermal thickness
• Functions
• Protects from abrasion and penetration
• Waterproofs
• Barrier against biological, chemical, and
physical assaults

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 Stratum corneum Keratinocytes
Most superficial layer; 20–30 layers of dead
cells represented only by flat membranous
sacs filled with keratin. Glycolipids in
extracellular space.
Stratum granulosum
Three to five layers of flattened cells,
organelles deteriorating; cytoplasm full of
lamellated granules (release lipids) and
keratohyaline granules.
Stratum spinosum
Several layers of keratinocytes unified by
desmosomes. Cells contain thick bundles of
intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin.
Stratum basale
Deepest epidermal layer; one row of actively
mitotic stem cells; some newly formed cells
become part of the more superficial layers. See
occasional melanocytes and epidermal Dermis
dendritic cells. Desmosomes
Sensory
Melanin granule
nerve ending Epidermal
Melanocyte Tactile
(b) dendritic cell
(Merkel) cell
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.2b
 Dermis

• Strong, flexible connective tissue

• Cells include fibroblasts, macrophages, and
occasionally mast cells and white blood cells
• Two layers:
• Papillary
• Reticular

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 Hair shaft
Dermal papillae
Epidermis Subpapillary
Papillary vascular plexus
layer Pore
Appendages
of skin
Dermis
Reticular • Eccrine sweat
layer gland
• Arrector pili
muscle
Hypodermis • Sebaceous
(superficial fascia) (oil) gland
• Hair follicle
Nervous structures • Hair root
• Sensory nerve fiber Cutaneous vascular
• Pacinian corpuscle plexus
• Hair follicle receptor Adipose tissue
(root hair plexus)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.1

 Layers of the Dermis: Papillary Layer

• Papillary layer
• Areolar connective tissue with collagen and
elastic fibers and blood vessels
• Dermal papillae contain:
• Capillary loops
• Meissner’s corpuscles
• Free nerve endings

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 Layers of the Dermis: Reticular Layer

• Reticular layer
• ~80% of the thickness of dermis
• Collagen fibers provide strength and resiliency
• Elastic fibers provide stretch-recoil properties

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 Skin Markings: Friction Ridges

• Epidermal ridges lie atop deeper dermal

papillary ridges to form friction ridges of
fingerprints

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 Friction ridges
Openings of
sweat gland ducts

(a)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.4a

 Skin Markings: Cleavage Lines

• Collagen fibers arranged in bundles form

cleavage (tension) lines
• Incisions made parallel to cleavage lines heal
more readily

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 (b)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.4b

 Skin Color

• Three pigments contribute to skin color:

1. Melanin
• Yellow to reddish-brown to black,
responsible for dark skin colors
• Produced in melanocytes; migrates to
keratinocytes where it forms “pigment
shields” for nuclei
• Freckles and pigmented moles
• Local accumulations of melanin

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 Skin Color

2. Carotene
• Yellow to orange, most obvious in the
palms and soles
3. Hemoglobin
• Responsible for the pinkish hue of skin

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 Appendages of the Skin

• Derivatives of the epidermis

• Sweat glands
• Oil glands
• Hairs and hair follicles
• Nails

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 Sweat Glands

• Two main types of sweat (sudoriferous)

glands
1. Eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands—abundant
on palms, soles, and forehead
• Sweat: 99% water, NaCl, vitamin C,
antibodies, dermcidin, metabolic wastes
• Ducts connect to pores
• Function in thermoregulation

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 Sweat pore

Eccrine
gland
Sebaceous
gland Duct
Dermal connective
tissue
Secretory cells
(b) Photomicrograph of a
sectioned eccrine gland (220x)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.5b
 Sweat Glands

2. Apocrine sweat glands—confined to axillary and

anogenital areas
• Sebum: sweat + fatty substances and proteins
• Ducts connect to hair follicles
• Functional from puberty onward (as sexual scent
glands?)
• Specialized apocrine glands
• Ceruminous glands—in external ear canal; secrete
cerumen
• Mammary glands

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 Sebaceous (Oil) Glands

• Widely distributed
• Most develop from hair follicles
• Become active at puberty
• Sebum
• Oily holocrine secretion
• Bactericidal
• Softens hair and skin

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 Sweat
pore
Sebaceous
Dermal gland
connective
tissue

Sebaceous Eccrine
gland duct gland
Hair in
hair follicle
Secretory cells
(a) Photomicrograph of a sectioned
sebaceous gland (220x)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.5a
 Hair

• Functions
• Alerting the body to presence of insects on the
skin
• Guarding the scalp against physical trauma,
heat loss, and sunlight
• Distribution
• Entire surface except palms, soles, lips,
nipples, and portions of external genitalia

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 Hair

• Consists of dead keratinized cells

• Contains hard keratin; more durable than soft
keratin of skin
• Hair pigments: melanins (yellow, rust brown,
black)
• Gray/white hair: decreased melanin
production, increased air bubbles in shaft

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 Follicle wall
• Connective tissue
root sheath
• Glassy membrane
• External epithelial
root sheath
• Internal epithelial
Hair shaft root sheath
Hair
• Cuticle
• Cortex
• Medulla
Arrector
pili (a) Diagram of a cross section of
Sebaceous a hair within its follicle
gland
Hair root
Hair bulb

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.6a

 Follicle wall
• Connective tissue
root sheath
• Glassy membrane
• External epithelial
root sheath
• Internal epithelial
root sheath
Hair
• Cuticle
• Cortex
Hair shaft • Medulla

Arrector (b) Photomicrograph of a cross

pili section of a hair and hair
Sebaceous
follicle (250x)
gland
Hair root
Hair bulb

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.6b

 Hair Follicle

• Extends from the epidermal surface into

dermis
• Two-layered wall: outer connective tissue root
sheath, inner epithelial root sheath
• Hair bulb: expanded deep end

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 Hair Follicle

• Hair follicle receptor (root hair plexus)

• Sensory nerve endings around each hair bulb
• Stimulated by bending a hair
• Arrector pili
• Smooth muscle attached to follicle
• Responsible for “goose bumps”

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 Hair shaft

Arrector
pili
Sebaceous
gland
Hair root Follicle wall
Hair bulb • Connective tissue root sheath
• Glassy membrane
• External epithelial root sheath
• Internal epithelial root sheath
Hair root
• Cuticle
• Cortex
• Medulla
Hair matrix
Hair papilla
Melanocyte

Subcutaneous adipose tissue

(c) Diagram of a longitudinal view of the expanded hair
bulb of the follicle, which encloses the matrix
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.6c
 Follicle wall
• Connective
tissue root sheath Hair shaft
• Glassy membrane
• External epithelial
root sheath
• Internal epithelial
root sheath Arrector
Hair root
• Cuticle pili
Sebaceous
• Cortex
• Medulla gland
Hair root
Hair matrix
Hair bulb
Hair papilla

Subcutaneous
adipose tissue (d) Photomicrograph of longitudinal view
of the hair bulb in the follicle (160x)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.6d
 Types of Hair

• Vellus—pale, fine body hair of children and

adult females
• Terminal—coarse, long hair of eyebrows,
scalp, axillary, and pubic regions (and face
and neck of males)

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 Types of Hair

• Hair Growth
• Growth phase (weeks to years) followed by
regressive stage and resting phase (1–3
months)
• Growth phase varies (6–10 years in scalp, 3–4
months in eyebrows)

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 Hair Thinning and Baldness

• Alopecia—hair thinning in both sexes after

age 40
• True (frank) baldness
• Genetically determined and sex-influenced
condition
• Male pattern baldness is caused by follicular
response to DHT

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 Structure of a Nail

• Scalelike modification of the epidermis on the

distal, dorsal surface of fingers and toes

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 Lateral Lunule
nail fold

(a)
Free edge Body Eponychium
of nail of nail (cuticle) Proximal
nail fold
Nail bed Root of nail
Nail
matrix

(b)
Hyponychium Phalanx (bone of fingertip)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.7

 Functions of the Integumentary System

1. Protection—three types of barriers

• Chemical
• Low pH secretions (acid mantle) and
defensins retard bacterial activity

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 Functions of the Integumentary System

• Physical/mechanical barriers
• Keratin and glycolipids block most water and
water- soluble substances
• Limited penetration of skin by lipid-soluble
substances, plant oleoresins (e.g., poison
ivy), organic solvents, salts of heavy metals,
some drugs
• Biological barriers
• Dendritic cells, macrophages, and DNA

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 Functions of the Integumentary System

2. Body temperature regulation

• ~500 ml/day of routine insensible
perspiration (at normal body temperature)
• At elevated temperature, dilation of dermal
vessels and increased sweat gland activity
(sensible perspirations) cool the body
3. Cutaneous sensations
• Temperature, touch, and pain

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 Functions of the Integumentary System

4. Metabolic functions
• Synthesis of vitamin D precursor and
collagenase
• Chemical conversion of carcinogens and
some hormones
5. Blood reservoir—up to 5% of body’s blood
volume
6. Excretion—nitrogenous wastes and salt in
sweat

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 Skin Cancer

• Most skin tumors are benign (do not

metastasize)
• Risk factors
• Overexposure to UV radiation
• Frequent irritation of the skin
• Some skin lotions contain enzymes in
liposomes that can fix damaged DNA

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 Skin Cancer

• Three major types:

• Basal cell carcinoma
• Least malignant, most common
• Squamous cell carcinoma
• Second most common
• Melanoma
• Most dangerous

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 Basal Cell Carcinoma

• Stratum basale cells proliferate and slowly

invade dermis and hypodermis
• Cured by surgical excision in 99% of cases

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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.8a
 Squamous Cell Carcinoma

• Involves keratinocytes of stratum spinosum

• Most common on scalp, ears, lower lip, and
hands
• Good prognosis if treated by radiation therapy
or removed surgically

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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.8b
 Melanoma

• Involves melanocytes
• Highly metastatic and resistant to
chemotherapy
• Treated by wide surgical excision
accompanied by immunotherapy

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 Melanoma

• Characteristics (ABCD rule)

A: Asymmetry; the two sides of the pigmented
area do not match
B: Border exhibits indentations
C: Color is black, brown, tan, and sometimes red
or blue
D: Diameter is larger than 6 mm (size of a pencil
eraser)

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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.8c
 Burns

• Heat, electricity, radiation, certain chemicals


Burn
(tissue damage, denatured protein, cell death)
• Immediate threat:
• Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, leading
to renal shutdown and circulatory shock

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 Rule of Nines

• Used to estimate the volume of fluid loss from

burns

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 41/2% Totals
Anterior and posterior
head and neck, 9%
Anterior and posterior
Anterior upper limbs, 18%
41/2% trunk, 41/2% Anterior and posterior
18% trunk, 36%

9% 9%
(Perineum, 1%)

Anterior and posterior

lower limbs, 36%
100%
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.9
 Partial-Thickness Burns

• First degree
• Epidermal damage only
• Localized redness, edema (swelling), and
pain
• Second degree
• Epidermal and upper dermal damage
• Blisters appear

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 1st degree
burn

2nd degree
burn

(a) Skin bearing partial

thickness burn (1st and
2nd degree burns)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.10a

 Full-Thickness Burns

• Third degree
• Entire thickness of skin damaged
• Gray-white, cherry red, or black
• No initial edema or pain (nerve endings
destroyed)
• Skin grafting usually necessary

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 3rd
degree
burn

(b) Skin bearing full

thickness burn
(3rd degree burn)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.10b

 Severity of Burns

• Critical if:
• >25% of the body has second-degree burns
• >10% of the body has third-degree burns
• Face, hands, or feet bear third-degree burns

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 Developmental Aspects: Fetal

• Ectoderm  epidermis
• Mesoderm  dermis and hypodermis
• Lanugo coat: covering of delicate hairs in 5th
and 6th month
• Vernix caseosa: sebaceous gland secretion;
protects skin of fetus

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 Developmental Aspects: Adolescent to
Adult
• Sebaceous gland activity increases
• Effects of cumulative environmental assaults
show after age 30
• Scaling and dermatitis become more common

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 Developmental Aspects: Old Age

• Epidermal replacement slows, skin becomes

thin, dry, and itchy
• Subcutaneous fat and elasticity decrease,
leading to cold intolerance and wrinkles
• Increased risk of cancer due to decreased
numbers of melanocytes and dendritic cells

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