GUI PROGRAMMING

Today, we’re going to begin looking at how we can create GUIs (Graphical User
Interfaces) in Python.

So far, every application we’ve built has been either console-based or a web
application. If we want to create a user-friendly standalone application, we really
must create a nice interface for it.

As an example, we’ll create an interface for the triangle peg game.

First, let’s see what packages are available to help us do this.

GUI PROGRAMMING IN
PYTHON
There are a huge number of modules available to help you create an interface. Some
of these include:
• Tkinter: wrapper around Tcl/Tk. Python’s standard GUI.
• PyQt: bindings for the Qt application framework.
• wxPython: wrapper around wxWidgets C++ library.
• pyGTK: wrapper around GTK+.
• PyJamas/PyJamas Desktop
• etc.
 CHOOSING A TOOLKIT
Toolkit Important Points
Tkinter - Limited theme support: “look” was relatively the same until recently.
- Relatively limited widget options.
- Bundled with Python since the beginning.
- Most commonly used.
PyQt - Limited licensing choices.
- Very good docs
- Very beautiful applications.
- Huge! Both good and bad...
wxPython - Very large user base.
- Great widget selection.
- Bad docs.
- Not Python 3 compatible.
pyGTK - Originally developed for GIMP.
- Stable with a full selection of widgets.
- Only offers theme-able native widgets on Windows + Linux. Mac lags behind somewhat.
- Some quirks to work around (some C programming style).
PYQT
In this class, we will be exploring basic GUI development with PyQt since it is a widely-
used toolkit. However, the other mentioned options are all very good and it may be
necessary to branch out depending on the complexity and/or needs of the application.

First, we’ll discuss some of the mechanics of GUI development. Afterwards, we could
spend tons of class time learning about PyQt’s ~1000 classes but we won’t. What we’ll
do is build an application together and get familiar with the common parts of a PyQt
application.

As a note, we’ll be using PyQt5 in this lecture. A PyQt4 tutorial is included in the old
lecture but the details aren’t very different.
GETTING PYQT5
1. Go to https://www.riverbankcomputing.com/software/sip/download and grab the
latest version of SIP.
2. Run the following commands to build and install SIP (version numbers may be
different).

$ gunzip sip-4.18.tar.gz
$ tar -xvf sip-4.18.tar
$ cd sip-4.18/
$ python configure.py
$ make
$ sudo make install
GETTING PYQT5
1. Now go to https://www.riverbankcomputing.com/software/pyqt/download5 and grab the
latest version of PyQt5.
2. Run the following commands to build and install PyQt5 (version numbers may be
different).
$ gunzip PyQt5_gpl-5.6.tar.gz
$ tar -xvf PyQt5_gpl-5.6.tar
$ sudo apt-get install qt5-default
$ cd PyQt5_gpl-5.6
$ python configure.py
$ make  go get some coffee, this one will take a while!
$ sudo make install

3. Open up an interpreter and import PyQt5 to make sure everything’s working.

GUI PROGRAMMING IN PYQT
PyQt is a multi-platform GUI toolkit. It has approximately ~1000 classes divided into a set of
~38 modules. Among these are QtCore and QtGui – the most commonly used PyQt modules.
• QtCore contains the core classes, including the event loop and Qt’s signal and slot
mechanism. It also includes platform independent abstractions for animations, state machines,
threads, mapped files, shared memory, regular expressions, and user and application settings.
• QtGui contains classes for windowing system integration, event handling, 2D graphics, basic
imaging, fonts and text.
• QtWidgets contains classes that provide a set of UI elements to create classic desktop-style
user interfaces.
Besides these, there are other modules (like, QtNetwork and QtOpenGL) which focus on
specific functionality.
GUI PROGRAMMING IN PYQT
Programming a GUI is not that different than programming an object-oriented
console application.

What is different is that GUI programming involves the use of a Toolkit and GUI
developers must follow the pattern of program design specified by the toolkit.

As a developer, you should be familiar with the API and design rules of at least one
toolkit – preferably one that is multiplatform with bindings in many languages!
GUI PROGRAMMING IN PYQT
GUI programming necessarily means object-oriented programming with an event-
driven framework. This should make sense: your job as a GUI developer is to
create an application that responds to events.

For instance, when a user clicks their mouse on a certain button, the program should
do X. When the user presses enter in a text field, the program should do Y. You’re
defining the behavior of the program as a response to external events.
BASIC PYQT
Let’s dive right in by looking at an embarrassingly basic PyQt program.

from PyQt5 import QtWidgets

The QApplication class manages the application’s
if __name__ == "__main__":
control flow and main settings. It controls the
app = QtWidgets.QApplication(sys.argv) main event loop through which all events are
main_window = QtWidgets.QWidget() handled and scheduled. No matter how many
main_window.show() windows there are, there is only one QApplication
app.exec_() instance.
BASIC PYQT
Let’s dive right in by looking at an embarrassingly basic PyQt program.

from PyQt5 import QtWidgets

A widget is a control element which is visible
if __name__ == "__main__": and can be manipulated by the user. These
app = QtWidgets.QApplication(sys.argv) include elements such as buttons, text fields,
main_window = QtWidgets.QWidget() radio selections, etc.
main_window.show()
If we create a basic widget QWidget instance
app.exec_()
without a parent widget, it automatically
becomes a window.
BASIC PYQT
Let’s dive right in by looking at an embarrassingly basic PyQt program.

from PyQt5 import QtWidgets

QWidget implements a variety of methods for
if __name__ == "__main__": it and its derived classes. These include resize,
app = QtWidgets.QApplication(sys.argv) move, setWindowTitle (for widgets with no
main_window = QtWidgets.QWidget() parents), among many others.
main_window.show()
Widgets and their children are created in
app.exec_()
memory and made visible with the show()
method.
BASIC PYQT
Let’s dive right in by looking at an embarrassingly basic PyQt program.

from PyQt5 import QtWidgets

if __name__ == "__main__":
app = QtWidgets.QApplication(sys.argv) Calling exec_() on our QApplication
main_window = QtWidgets.QWidget() instance will start our main event loop.
main_window.show()
app.exec_()
BASIC PYQT
Let’s dive right in by looking at an embarrassingly basic PyQt program.

from PyQt5 import QtWidgets

if __name__ == "__main__":
app = QtWidgets.QApplication(sys.argv)
main_window = QtWidgets.QWidget()
main_window.show()
app.exec_()
 BASIC PYQT Rather than the procedural approach
we took before, we should try to
define our interface in an object-
oriented manner.
from PyQt5 import QtWidgets

class PegGameWindow(QtWidgets.QWidget):
def __init__(self):
QtWidgets.QWidget.__init__(self)
self.setGeometry(200, 200, 400, 200)
self.setWindowTitle('Triangle Peg Game')
self.show()

if __name__ == "__main__":
app = QtWidgets.QApplication(sys.argv)
main_window = PegGameWindow()
app.exec_()
QWIDGET
So, we can see that a parentless QWidget instance gives us a window, but the
QWidget class is actually the base class for all UI elements. Some of the classes that
inherit and extend QWidget include:
• QProgressBar
• QPushButton
• QCheckBox
• QScrollBar
• and many, many more!
QWIDGET
The QWidget class also defines some of the basic functionality common to all
widgets.
• QWidget.geometry() and Qwidget.setgeometry(x, y, w, h)
• QWidget.resize(w, h)
• QWidget.setParent(parent)
• QWidget.setToolTip(str), QWidget.setStatusTip(str)
• QWidget.setPalette(palette)

Check here for an exhaustive list. Not only is this not all of the methods defined – we’re not even including
all the different ways you can call these methods!
 BASIC PYQT

class PegGameWindow(QtWidgets.QWidget):
def __init__(self):
QtWidgets.QWidget.__init__(self)
self.setGeometry(200, 200, 400, 200)
self.setWindowTitle('Triangle Peg Game')
self.setToolTip("Play the triangle peg game!")
self.show()

if __name__ == "__main__":
app = QtWidgets.QApplication(sys.argv)
main_window = PegGameWindow()
app.exec_()
BASIC PYQT
Let’s make some buttons!

Class StartNewGameBtn(QtWidgets.QPushButton):
def __init__(self, parent):
QtWidgets.QPushButton.__init__(self, parent)
self.setText("Start New Game")
self.move(20,160)

class QuitBtn(QtWidgets.QPushButton):
def __init__(self, parent):
QtWidgets.QPushButton.__init__(self, parent)
self.setText("Quit")
self.move(150,160)
 BASIC PYQT

class PegGameWindow(QtWidgets.QWidget):
def __init__(self):
QtWidgets.QWidget.__init__(self)
self.setup()
def setup(self):
self.setGeometry(200, 200, 400, 200)
self.setWindowTitle('Triangle Peg Game')
self.setToolTip("Play the triangle peg game!")
self.new_button = StartNewGameBtn(self)
self.quit_button = QuitBtn(self)
self.show()
 BASIC PYQT
Alternatively….

class PegGameWindow(QtWidgets.QWidget):
def __init__(self):
QtWidgets.QWidget.__init__(self)
self.setup()

def setup(self):
self.setGeometry(200, 200, 400, 200)
self.setWindowTitle('Triangle Peg Game')
self.setToolTip("Play the triangle peg game!")
self.new_button = QtWidgets.QPushButton("Start New Game", self)
self.new_button.move(20, 160)
self.quit_button = QtWidgets.QPushButton("Quit", self)
self.quit_button.move(150, 160)
self.show()
SIGNALS AND SLOTS
PyQt5 makes use of a signal/slot mechanism for specifying the actions that should
be taken when an event happens.
A signal is emitted when a particular event occurs. Widgets already have many
predefined signals, but you could also create custom signals on subclassed widgets.
Some common signals of QPushButton are:
• QPushButton.clicked – signal activated when button is pressed and then
released while mouse is on button.
• QPushButton.pressed – signal activated when button is pressed.
• QPushButton.released – signal activated when button is released.
SIGNALS AND SLOTS
The example buttons we created earlier can be clicked, but nothing will happen.
That’s because we need to assign a slot to the signal.

A slot is a function that is called in response to a particular signal. Widgets have

many pre-defined slots, but because a slot can be any Python callable, we can easily
define our own slots to define our reaction to the signal.
Let’s try to make our Quit button exit the application. The slot we want to assign is:

QWidgets.qApp.quit()

Note that QWidgets.qApp is the QApplication instance running our program.

 SIGNALS AND SLOTS

class QuitBtn(QtWidgets.QPushButton):
def __init__(self, parent): Clicking quit now causes
QtWidgets.QPushButton.__init__(self, parent) our window to close!
self.setText("Quit")
self.move(150,160)
self.clicked.connect(QtWidgets.qApp.quit)
self.setToolTip("Close the triangle peg game.")
 SIGNALS AND SLOTS

class QuitBtn(QtWidgets.QPushButton):
def __init__(self, parent): Clicking quit now causes
QtWidgets.QPushButton.__init__(self, parent) our window to close!
self.setText("Quit")
self.move(150,160)
self.clicked.connect(QtWidgets.qApp.quit)
self.setToolTip("Close the triangle peg game.")
 BASIC PYQT class PegGameWindow(QtWidgets.QWidget):
def __init__(self):
...
def setup(self):
...
def closeEvent(self, event):
We are also free to define the behavior of
reply = QuitMessage().exec_()
our application by overriding built-in
if reply == QtWidgets.QMessageBox.Yes:
methods.
event.accept()
else:
For example, QtWidgets.QWidget has
event.ignore()
a method called closeEvent() which is
called automatically with an instance of a
window close request. By default, we just class QuitMessage(QtWidgets.QMessageBox):
accept the request and close the window. def __init__(self):
Here, we’ll override the function to ask if QtWidgets.QMessageBox.__init__(self)
they’re sure. self.setText("Do you really want to quit?")

self.addButton(self.No)
self.addButton(self.Yes)
BASIC PYQT class PegGameWindow(QtWidgets.QWidget):
def __init__(self):
...
def setup(self):
...
def closeEvent(self, event):
reply = QuitMessage().exec_()
if reply == QtWidgets.QMessageBox.Yes:
event.accept()
else:
event.ignore()

class QuitMessage(QtWidgets.QMessageBox):
def __init__(self):
QtWidgets.QMessageBox.__init__(self)
self.setText("Do you really want to quit?")

self.addButton(self.No)
self.addButton(self.Yes)
QT MAIN WINDOW
The QtWidgets.QMainWindow class provides a main application window.
QMainWindow has its own layout as opposed to QWidget (but it inherits from
QWidget).
QMainWindow automatically makes room for:
• QToolBar
• QDockWidget
• QMenuBar
• QStatusBar
• Any widget can occupy Central Widget.
 BASIC PYQT class PegGameWindow(QtWidgets.QMainWindow):
def __init__(self):
...
def setup(self):
...
self.central_widget = QtWidgets.QWidget(self)
We’re going to add a menu bar with self.new_button =
StartNewGameBtn(self.central_widget)
a File > Exit action.
self.quit_button = QuitBtn(self.central_widget)
self.setCentralWidget(self.central_widget)
First, we create a QAction instance for
exiting the application, for which the text exit_action = QtWidgets.QAction('Exit', self)
is “Exit”. exit_action.triggered.connect(QtWidgets.qApp.quit)

When the action is taken, we quit the menu_bar = self.menuBar()

application. file_menu = menu_bar.addMenu('File')
file_menu.addAction(exit_action)

self.show()
 BASIC PYQT class PegGameWindow(QtWidgets.QMainWindow):
def __init__(self):
...
def setup(self):
...
self.central_widget = QtWidgets.QWidget(self)
We reference the menu bar for our main new_button = StartNewGameBtn(self.central_widget)
window by calling menuBar(). This will quit_button = QuitBtn(self.central_widget)
self.setCentralWidget(self.central_widget)
also create and return an empty menu bar
if there is none. exit_action = QtWidgets.QAction('Exit', self)
exit_action.triggered.connect(QtWidgets.qApp.quit)
Then we add a new menu with the text
“File”. Then we add the Exit action to
the File menu. menu_bar = self.menuBar()
file_menu = menu_bar.addMenu('File')
file_menu.addAction(exit_action)

self.show()
BASIC PYQT
Where’s our menu bar!?
BASIC PYQT
Where’s our menu bar!?

Very sneaky, Ubuntu…

 BASIC PYQT

menu_bar = self.menuBar()
menu_bar.setNativeMenuBar(False)
file_menu = menu_bar.addMenu('File')
file_menu.addAction(exit_action)