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Presentation On ADC

The document discusses analog to digital conversion, including examples of applications that require ADC and different types of ADC converters. It describes the process of analog to digital conversion including quantization, encoding, and factors that affect resolution and accuracy such as sampling rate. Examples are provided to illustrate quantization into discrete voltage ranges and assigning binary codes.

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357 views

Presentation On ADC

The document discusses analog to digital conversion, including examples of applications that require ADC and different types of ADC converters. It describes the process of analog to digital conversion including quantization, encoding, and factors that affect resolution and accuracy such as sampling rate. Examples are provided to illustrate quantization into discrete voltage ranges and assigning binary codes.

Uploaded by

champion 88
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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NAME: MUHAMMAD TALHA SAJID

ROLL NO:F-4260
CLASS:BSC(EE)14-B

December 29, 2005


 Introduction:Analog vs. Digital?
 Examples of ADC Applications
 Types of A/D Converters
 A/D Subsystem used in the
microcontroller chip
 Examples of Analog to Digital Signal
Conversion
 Successive Approximation ADC
Analog signals – directly measurable quantities
in terms of some other quantity
Examples:
 Thermometer – mercury height rises as
temperature rises
 Car Speedometer – Needle moves farther
right as you accelerate
 Stereo – Volume increases as you turn the
knob.
Digital Signals – have only two states. For
digital computers, we refer to binary states, 0
and 1. “1” can be on, “0” can be off.
Examples:
 Light switch can be either on or off
 Door to a room is either open or closed
 Microphones - take your voice varying pressure waves
in the air and convert them into varying electrical signals
 Strain Gages - determines the amount of strain (change
in dimensions) when a stress is applied
 Thermocouple – temperature measuring device converts
thermal energy to electric energy
 Voltmeters
 Digital Multimeters
 Converts analog signals into binary words
 Quantizing - breaking down analog value is a
set of finite states
 Encoding - assigning a digital word or

number to each state and matching it to the


input signal
Output Discrete Voltage
Example: States Ranges (V)
You have 0-10V 0 0.00-1.25
signals. Separate
1 1.25-2.50
them into a set of
discrete states with 2 2.50-3.75

1.25V increments. 3 3.75-5.00


(How did we get 4 5.00-6.25
1.25V? See next
5 6.25-7.50
slide…)
6 7.50-8.75
7 8.75-10.0
The number of possible states that the
converter can output is:
N=2n
where n is the number of bits in the AD
converter
Example: For a 3 bit A/D converter,
N=23=8.
Analog quantization size:
Q=(Vmax-Vmin)/N = (10V – 0V)/8 = 1.25V
Output Output Binary Equivalent
 Here we assign States
the digital value 0 000
(binary number) to
1 001
each state for the
computer to read. 2 010
3 011
4 100
5 101
6 110
7 111
There are two ways to best improve accuracy
of A/D conversion:

 increasing the resolution which improves


the accuracy in measuring the amplitude of
the analog signal.

 increasing the sampling rate which


increases the maximum frequency that can
be measured.
 Resolution (number of discrete values the converter
can produce) = Analog Quantization size (Q)
(Q) = Vrange / 2^n, where Vrange is the range of
analog voltages which can be represented

 limited by signal-to-noise ratio (should be around


6dB)

 In our previous example: Q = 1.25V, this is a high


resolution. A lower resolution would be if we used
a 2-bit converter, then the resolution would be
10/2^2 = 2.50V.
Frequency at which ADC evaluates analog signal. As we
see in the second picture, evaluating the signal more often
more accurately depicts the ADC signal.
 Occurs when the input signal is changing
much faster than the sample rate.

For example, a 2 kHz sine wave being


sampled at 1.5 kHz would be reconstructed
as a 500 Hz (the aliased signal) sine wave.

Nyquist Rule:
 Use a sampling frequency at least twice as
high as the maximum frequency in the
signal to avoid aliasing.
 Increasing both the sampling rate and the
resolution you can obtain better accuracy in your
AD signals.
 Converters

◦ Flash ADC
◦ Delta-Sigma ADC
◦ Dual Slope (integrating) ADC
◦ Successive Approximation ADC
ADC Types Comparison

ADC Resolution Comparison


Dual Slope
Flash
Successive Approx
Sigma-Delta

0 5 10 15 20 25
Resolution (Bits)

Type Speed (relative) Cost (relative)


Dual Slope Slow Med
Flash Very Fast High
Successive Appox Medium – Fast Low
Sigma-Delta Slow Low
 Ron Bishop, “Basic Microprocessors and the
6800”, Hayden Book Company Inc., 1979
 Motorola, “MC68HC11E Family Data Sheet”,
Motorola, Inc., Rev. 5, 2003.
 Motorola, “MC68HC11 Reference Manual”,
Motorola, Inc., Rev. 4, 2002.
 Motorola, “MC68HC11 Programming Reference
Guide”, Motorola, Inc., Rev. 2, 2003.
Any Questions?

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