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Lesson #1 Lecture #2 Examples of Feedback Control Systems

The document discusses electronic feedback control systems. It describes how feedback systems process signals and can be electrical or electronic, ranging from simple to complex circuits. Negative feedback is most commonly used in control systems as it reduces gain and improves stability. Positive feedback increases gain and can cause oscillation, so it is used in oscillator circuits. The basic components of a feedback loop are a sensor, controller and actuator.

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MD.Minhazul Islam Shazed
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45 views

Lesson #1 Lecture #2 Examples of Feedback Control Systems

The document discusses electronic feedback control systems. It describes how feedback systems process signals and can be electrical or electronic, ranging from simple to complex circuits. Negative feedback is most commonly used in control systems as it reduces gain and improves stability. Positive feedback increases gain and can cause oscillation, so it is used in oscillator circuits. The basic components of a feedback loop are a sensor, controller and actuator.

Uploaded by

MD.Minhazul Islam Shazed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electronic Feedback Control

Systems
M. Azharul Haque
Dept. of EEE
PAU
Feedback Systems
• Feedback Systems process signals and as such
are signal processors.
• The processing part of a feedback system may be
electrical or electronic, ranging from a very
simple to highly complex circuits.
• Simple analogue feedback control circuits can be
constructed using individual or discrete
components, such as transistors, resistors and
capacitors, etc, or by using microprocessor-based
and integrated circuits (IC’s) to form more
complex digital feedback systems.
Feedback Systems (Cont…)
• We have seen, open-loop systems are just that, open
ended, and no attempt is made to compensate for
changes in circuit conditions or changes in load
conditions due to variations in circuit parameters,
such as gain and stability, temperature, supply
voltage variations and/or external disturbances. But
the effects of these “open-loop” variations can be
eliminated or at least considerably reduced by the
introduction of Feedback.
• A feedback system is one in which the output signal is
sampled and then fed back to the input to form an
error signal that drives the system.
Feedback Systems (Cont…)
• Feedback is comprised of a sub-circuit that allows a
fraction of the output signal from a system to
modify the effective input signal in such a way as to
produce a response that can differ substantially
from the response produced in the absence of such
feedback.
• Feedback Systems are very useful and widely used
in amplifier circuits, oscillators, process control
systems as well as other types of electronic systems.
But for feedback to be an effective tool it must be
controlled as an uncontrolled system will either
oscillate or fail to function.
Feedback Systems (Cont…)
• The basic model of a feedback system is given as:

This basic feedback loop of sensing, controlling and


actuation is the main concept behind a feedback control
system and there are several good reasons why feedback is
applied and used in electronic circuits:
Feedback Systems (Cont…)
– Circuit characteristics such as the systems gain and
response can be precisely controlled.
– Circuit characteristics can be made independent of
operating conditions such as supply voltages or
temperature variations.
– Signal distortion due to the nonlinear nature of the
components used can be greatly reduced.
– The Frequency Response, Gain and Bandwidth of a
circuit or system can be easily controlled to within
tight limits.
• Whilst there are many different types of control
systems, there are just two main types of feedback
control namely: Negative Feedback and Positive
Feedback.
Positive Feedback Systems
• In a “positive feedback control system”, the set point
and output values are added together by the
controller as the feedback is “in-phase” with the
input. The effect of positive (or regenerative)
feedback is to “increase” the systems gain, ie, the
overall gain with positive feedback applied will be
greater than the gain without feedback. For example,
if someone praises you or gives you positive feedback
about something, you feel happy about yourself and
are full of energy, you feel more positive
• However, in electronic and control systems to much
praise and positive feedback can increase the
systems gain far too much which would give rise to
oscillatory circuit responses as it increases the
magnitude of the effective input signal.
Positive Feedback Systems (Cont…)
• An example of positive feedback systems could be an
electronic amplifier based on an operational amplifier, or
op-amp as shown.

Fig. Positive Feedback System


Positive Feedback Systems (Cont…)
• Positive feedback control of the op-amp is
achieved by applying a small part of the output
voltage signal at Vout back to the non-inverting
( + ) input terminal via the feedback resistor, R F.
• If the input voltage Vin is positive, the op-amp
amplifies this positive signal and the output
becomes more positive. Some of this output
voltage is returned back to the input by the
feedback network.
• Thus the input voltage becomes more positive,
causing an even larger output voltage and so on.
Eventually the output becomes saturated at its
positive supply rail.
Positive Feedback Systems (Cont…)
• Likewise, if the input voltage Vin is negative, the
reverse happens and the op-amp saturates at its
negative supply rail. Then we can see that positive
feedback does not allow the circuit to function as an
amplifier as the output voltage quickly saturates to
one supply rail or the other, because with positive
feedback loops “more leads to more” and “less
leads to less”.
• Then if the loop gain is positive for any system the
transfer function will be: Av = G / (1 – GH). Note that
if GH = 1 the system gain Av = infinity and the circuit
will start to self-oscillate, after which no input signal
is needed to maintain oscillations, which is useful if
you want to make an oscillator.
Positive Feedback Systems (Cont…)
• Although often considered undesirable, this
behaviour is used in electronics to obtain a very fast
switching response to a condition or signal. One
example of the use of positive feedback is hysteresis
in which a logic device or system maintains a given
state until some input crosses a preset threshold.
This type of behaviour is called “bi-stability” and is
often associated with logic gates and digital
switching devices such as multi-vibrators.
• We have seen that positive or regenerative feedback
increases the gain and the possibility of instability in
a system which may lead to self-oscillation and as
such, positive feedback is widely used in oscillatory
circuits such as Oscillators and Timing circuits.
Negative Feedback Systems
• In a “negative feedback control system”, the set
point and output values are subtracted from each
other as the feedback is “out-of-phase” with the
original input. The effect of negative (or
degenerative) feedback is to “reduce” the gain. For
example, if someone criticises you or gives you
negative feedback about something, you feel
unhappy about yourself and therefore lack energy,
you feel less positive.
• Because negative feedback produces stable circuit
responses, improves stability and increases the
operating bandwidth of a given system, the majority
of all control and feedback systems is degenerative
reducing the effects of the gain.
Negative Feedback Systems (Cont…)
• An example of a negative feedback system is an electronic
amplifier based on an operational amplifier as shown

Fig. Negative Feedback System


Negative feedback control of the amplifier is achieved by
applying a small part of the output voltage signal at Vout
back to the inverting ( - ) input terminal via the feedback
resistor, Rf.
Negative Feedback Systems (Cont…)
• If the input voltage Vin is positive, the op-amp
amplifies this positive signal, but because its
connected to the inverting input of the amplifier,
and the output becomes more negative. Some of
this output voltage is returned back to the input
by the feedback network of Rf.
• Thus the input voltage is reduced by the negative
feedback signal, causing an even smaller output
voltage and so on. Eventually the output will
settle down and become stabilized at a value
determined by the gain ratio of Rf ÷ Rin.

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