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CH 04

The document discusses blocking and nuisance factors in experimental design. Blocking is used to deal with nuisance factors that may affect the response but are of no interest to the experimenter. The document provides examples of randomized complete block designs and Latin square designs, which are used to control multiple nuisance factors simultaneously. Statistical analysis of these designs involves extending ANOVA to account for block and treatment effects.

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100% found this document useful (1 vote)
109 views30 pages

CH 04

The document discusses blocking and nuisance factors in experimental design. Blocking is used to deal with nuisance factors that may affect the response but are of no interest to the experimenter. The document provides examples of randomized complete block designs and Latin square designs, which are used to control multiple nuisance factors simultaneously. Statistical analysis of these designs involves extending ANOVA to account for block and treatment effects.

Uploaded by

LusyifaFebioza
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Design of Engineering Experiments

– The Blocking Principle


• Text Reference, Chapter 4
• Blocking and nuisance factors
• The randomized complete block design or
the RCBD
• Extension of the ANOVA to the RCBD
• Other blocking scenarios…Latin square
designs
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The Blocking Principle
• Blocking is a technique for dealing with nuisance factors
• A nuisance factor is a factor that probably has some effect
on the response, but it’s of no interest to the
experimenter…however, the variability it transmits to the
response needs to be minimized
• Typical nuisance factors include batches of raw material,
operators, pieces of test equipment, time (shifts, days,
etc.), different experimental units
• Many industrial experiments involve blocking (or should)
• Failure to block is a common flaw in designing an
experiment (consequences?)

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The Blocking Principle
• If the nuisance variable is known and controllable, we use
blocking
• If the nuisance factor is known and uncontrollable,
sometimes we can use the analysis of covariance (see
Chapter 15) to remove the effect of the nuisance factor
from the analysis
• If the nuisance factor is unknown and uncontrollable (a
“lurking” variable), we hope that randomization
balances out its impact across the experiment
• Sometimes several sources of variability are combined in
a block, so the block becomes an aggregate variable

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The Hardness Testing Example
• Text reference, pg 139, 140
• We wish to determine whether 4 different tips produce
different (mean) hardness reading on a Rockwell hardness
tester
• Gauge & measurement systems capability studies are
frequent areas for applying DOX
• Assignment of the tips to an experimental unit; that is, a
test coupon
• Structure of a completely randomized experiment
• The test coupons are a source of nuisance variability
• Alternatively, the experimenter may want to test the tips
across coupons of various hardness levels
• The need for blocking

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The Hardness Testing Example
• To conduct this experiment as a RCBD, assign all 4 tips to
each coupon
• Each coupon is called a “block”; that is, it’s a more
homogenous experimental unit on which to test the tips
• Variability between blocks can be large, variability within
a block should be relatively small
• In general, a block is a specific level of the nuisance factor
• A complete replicate of the basic experiment is conducted
in each block
• A block represents a restriction on randomization
• All runs within a block are randomized

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The Hardness Testing Example
• Suppose that we use b = 4 blocks:

• Notice the two-way structure of the experiment


• Once again, we are interested in testing the equality of
treatment means, but now we have to remove the
variability associated with the nuisance factor (the blocks)

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Extension of the ANOVA to the RCBD
• Suppose that there are a treatments (factor levels)
and b blocks
• A statistical model (effects model) for the RCBD
is
 i  1, 2,..., a
yij     i   j   ij 
 j  1, 2,..., b
• The relevant (fixed effects) hypotheses are
H 0 : 1   2     a where i  (1/ b) j 1 (    i   j )    i
b

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Extension of the ANOVA to the RCBD
ANOVA partitioning of total variability:
a b a b

 ( y
i 1 j 1
ij  y.. )   [( yi.  y.. )  ( y. j  y.. )
2

i 1 j 1

 ( yij  yi.  y. j  y.. )]2


a b
 b ( yi.  y.. ) 2  a  ( y. j  y.. ) 2
i 1 j 1
a b
  ( yij  yi.  y. j  y.. ) 2
i 1 j 1

SST  SSTreatments  SS Blocks  SS E


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Extension of the ANOVA to the RCBD
The degrees of freedom for the sums of squares in
SST  SSTreatments  SS Blocks  SS E
are as follows:

ab  1  a  1  b  1  (a  1)(b  1)
Therefore, ratios of sums of squares to their degrees of
freedom result in mean squares and the ratio of the mean
square for treatments to the error mean square is an F
statistic that can be used to test the hypothesis of equal
treatment means

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ANOVA Display for the RCBD

Manual computing (ugh!)…see Equations (4-9) – (4-12),


page 144
Use software to analyze the RCBD (Design-Expert, JMP)
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Manual computing:

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Chapter 4 Design & Analysis of Experiments 12
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Vascular Graft Example (pg. 145)
• To conduct this experiment as a RCBD, assign all 4
pressures to each of the 6 batches of resin
• Each batch of resin is called a “block”; that is, it’s a
more homogenous experimental unit on which to test
the extrusion pressures

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Chapter 4 Design & Analysis of Experiments 14
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Vascular Graft Example
Design-Expert Output

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Chapter 4 Design & Analysis of Experiments 16
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Residual Analysis for the
Vascular Graft Example

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Residual Analysis for the
Vascular Graft Example

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Residual Analysis for the
Vascular Graft Example
• Basic residual plots indicate that normality,
constant variance assumptions are satisfied
• No obvious problems with randomization
• No patterns in the residuals vs. block
• Can also plot residuals versus the pressure
(residuals by factor)
• These plots provide more information about the
constant variance assumption, possible outliers

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Multiple Comparisons for the Vascular Graft
Example – Which Pressure is Different?

Also see Figure 4.2, Design-Expert output


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Other Aspects of the RCBD
See Text, Section 4.1.3, pg. 132
• The RCBD utilizes an additive model – no
interaction between treatments and blocks
• Treatments and/or blocks as random effects
• Missing values
• What are the consequences of not blocking if we
should have?
• Sample sizing in the RCBD? The OC curve
approach can be used to determine the number of
blocks to run..see page 133

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Random Blocks and/or Treatments

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The Latin Square Design
• Text reference, Section 4.2, pg. 158
• These designs are used to simultaneously control
(or eliminate) two sources of nuisance
variability
• A significant assumption is that the three factors
(treatments, nuisance factors) do not interact
• If this assumption is violated, the Latin square
design will not produce valid results
• Latin squares are not used as much as the RCBD
in industrial experimentation
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The Rocket Propellant Problem –
A Latin Square Design

• This is a 5  5 Latin square design


• Page 159 shows some other Latin squares
• Table 4-13 (page 162) contains properties of Latin squares
• Statistical analysis?
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Statistical Analysis of the
Latin Square Design
• The statistical (effects) model is
 i  1, 2,..., p

yijk     i   j   k   ijk  j  1, 2,..., p
k  1, 2,..., p

• The statistical analysis (ANOVA) is much like the


analysis for the RCBD.
• See the ANOVA table, page 160 (Table 4.10)
• The analysis for the rocket propellant example
follows
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Chapter 4 Design & Analysis of Experiments 28
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Chapter 4 Design & Analysis of Experiments 29
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Other Topics
• Missing values in blocked designs
– RCBD
– Latin square
• Replication of Latin Squares
• Crossover designs
• Graeco-Latin Squares
• Incomplete block designs

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