Electronic Devices

Ninth Edition

Floyd

Chapter 15

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Summary

Basic filter Responses

A filter is a circuit that passes certain frequencies and rejects

all others. The passband is the range of frequencies allowed
through the filter. The critical frequency defines the end (or
ends) of the passband.
Basic filter responses are:
Gain Gain Gain Gain

f f f f

Low-pass High-pass Band-pass Band-stop

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Summary

The Basic Low-Pass Filter

The low-pass filter allows frequencies below the critical

frequency to pass and rejects other. The simplest low-pass
filter is a passive RC circuit with the output taken across C.
Gain (normalized to 1)

–3 dB 0 dB Actual response of a
single-pole RC filter
Passband
–20 dB
Transition R
region Vout

–40 dB –2
0
BW dB Vs
/de C
Stopband ca
region d e
–60 dB f
0.01 fc 0.1 fc fc 10 fc 100 fc 1000 fc

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Summary

The Basic High-Pass Filter

The high-pass filter passes all frequencies above a critical

frequency and rejects all others. The simplest high-pass
filter is a passive RC circuit with the output taken across R.
Gain (normalized to 1)

–3 dB 0 dB
Actual response Passband
of a single-pole
–20 dB RC filter
C
Vout
de
eca
–40 dB /d
dB
0 Vs
–2 R

–60 dB f
0.001 fc 0.01 fc 0.1 fc fc 10 fc 100 fc

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Summary

The Band-Pass Filter

A band-pass filter passes all frequencies between two

critical frequencies. The bandwidth is defined as the
difference between the two critical frequencies. The
simplest band-pass filter is an RLC circuit.
Vout (normalized to 1)

1
R Vout
0.707

Vs C L
BW

f
fc1 f0 fc2

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Summary

The Band-Stop Filter

A band-stop filter rejects frequencies between two critical

frequencies; the bandwidth is measured between the critical
frequencies. The simplest band-stop filter is an RLC circuit.
Gain (dB)

0
–3 L

Vout
C

Vs R

f
fc1 f0 fc2
BW

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Summary

Active Filters

Active filters include one or more op-amps in the design.

These filters can provide much better responses than the
passive filters illustrated. Active filter designs optimize
various parameters such A Chebyshev: rapid roll-off characteristic
v

as amplitude response,
roll-off rate, or phase
response.

Butterworth: flat amplitude response

Bessel: linear phase response

f

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Summary

The Damping Factor

The damping factor primarily determines if the filter will

have a Butterworth, Chebyshev, or Bessel response.
R1
DF  2 
R2
Frequency-
The term pole has mathematical Vin selective +
RC circuit
significance with the higher level Vout
–
math used to develop the DF Amplifier R1
values. For our purposes, a pole
is the number of non-redundant
R2
reactive elements in a filter. For
example, a one-pole filter has Negative feedback circuit

one resistor and one capacitor.

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Summary

The Damping Factor

Parameters for Butterworth filters up to four poles are given

in the following table. (See text for larger order filters).
Butterworth filter values
Roll-off 1st stage 2nd stage
Order dB/decade Poles DF R1 /R2 Poles DF R1 /R2

1 20 1 Optional

2 40 2 1.414 0.586

3 60 2 1.00 1.00 1 1.00 1.00
4 80 2 1.848 0.152 2 0.765 1.235
Notice that the gain is 1 more than this resistor ratio. For
example, the gain implied by this ratio is 1.586 (4.0 dB).
Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Summary

Two-pole Low-Pass Butterworth Design

As an example, a two-pole VCVS Butterworth filter is

designed in this and the next two slides. Assume the fc
desired is 1.5 kHz. A basic two-pole low-pass filter is shown.
CA

Step 1: Choose R and C for the

desired cutoff frequency based 4.7 nF
RA RB
on the equation f c  1 Vin +
2 RC 22 k 22 k
CB
Vout
4.7 nF
By choosing R = 22 k, – R1

then C = 4.8 nF, which is close

R2
to a standard value of 4.7 nF.

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Summary

Two-pole Low-Pass Butterworth Design

Step 2: Using the table for the Butterworth filter, note the resistor
ratios required.
Butterworth filter values
Roll-off 1st stage 2nd stage
Order dB/decade Poles DF R1 /R2 Poles DF R1 /R2

1 20 1 Optional

2 40 2 1.414 0.586

3 60 2 1.00 1.00 1 1.00 1.00
4 80 2 1.848 0.152 2 0.765 1.235
Step 3: Choose resistors that are as close as practical to the desired
ratio. Through trial and error, if R1 = 33 k, then R2 = 56 k.
Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Summary

Two-pole Low-Pass Butterworth Design

The design is complete and C A

the filter can now be tested. 4.7 nF 

R R
You can check the design using V in
A B
+
C
Multisim. The Multisim Bode 22 k 22 k B
4.7 nF

V out

plotter is shown with the simulated – R 1

33 k
response from Multisim.
R 2
56 k

To read the critical frequency, set

the cursor for a gain of 1 dB, which
is 3 dB from the midband gain of
4.0 dB. The critical frequency is
found by Multisim to be 1.547 kHz.
Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Summary

Four-pole Low-Pass Butterworth Design

What changes need to be made to change the two-pole

low-pass design to a four-pole design?
Add an identical section except for the gain setting
resistors. Choose R1-R4 based on the table for a 4-pole
design. C A1

CA2
4.7 nF
RA1 RB1 4.7 nF
Vin + RA2 RB2
22 kW 22 kW CB1
4.7 nF +
22 kW 22 kW CB2
– R1 4.7 nF Vout
3.3 k – R3
The resistor ratio for the 1st section 15 k
R2
needs to be 0.152 (gain = 1.152); the
2nd section needs to be 1.235 (gain = 22 k R4
12 k
2.235). Use standard values if possible.

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Summary

High-Pass Active Filter Design

The low-pass filter can be changed to a high-pass filter by simply

reversing the R’s and C’s in the frequency-selective circuit. For the
four-pole design, the gain setting resistors are unchanged.
CA1
RA1
CA2
RA2
4.7 nF
22 kW
RA1
CA1 RB1CB1 4.7 nF
22 kW
Vin + RA2 RB2CB2
Vin CB1 + CA2
22 kW 22 kW R ++
4.7 nF 4.7 nF 4.7B1 nF
22 kW – 22 kW 22 kW CB2
RB2 VVout
– RR1 4.7 nF 4.7 nF 4.7 nF out
1
22 kW
3.3 k –– R
R33

RR22
15 k

High-pass 22 k R44
Low-pass 12 k

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Summary

Bessel Filter Design

Butterworth VCVS filters are the simplest to implement. Chebychev and
Bessel filters require an additional correction factor to the frequency to
obtain the correct fc. Bessel filter parameters are shown here. The
frequency determining R’s are divided by the correction factors shown
with the gains set to new values. The following slide illustrates a design.

Bessel filters
Roll-off 1st stage 2nd stage
Order dB/decade Correction DF R1 /R2 Correction DF R1 /R2

2 40 1.272 1.732 0.268

4 80 1.432 1.916 0.084 1.606 1.241 0.759

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Summary

Bessel Filter Design

Modify the 4-pole low-pass design for a Bessel response.
Divide the R’s by the correction factors on the Bessel table
and change the gain setting resistors to the ratios on the table.
C
CA1
A1
CCA2
A2
4.7
4.7 nF
nF
R
RA1
A1
R
RB1
B1
4.7
4.7 nF
nF
V
Vin ++ RRA2 RRB2
in C
15.4
22 kWkW 15.4
22 kWkW CB1
B1
A2 B2
++
4.7
4.7 nF
nF CCB2
––
13.7
22 kWkW 13.7
22 kWkW B2
4.7 VVout
RR1
1 4.7 nF
nF out
103.3
kWk –– RR3
3
10
15kWk
RR2
2
Bessel
Butterworth 119 kW
22 k
RR4
4
13.2 kW
Low-pass
Low-pass 12 k

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Summary

Bessel Filter Design

You can test the design with Multisim. Although the roll-off is
not as steep as other designs, the Bessel filter is superior for its
pulse response. The Bode plotter illustrates the response.

CA1
CA2
4.7 nF
RA1 RB1 4.7 nF
Vin + RA2 RB2
15.4 kW 15.4 kW CB1 +
4.7 nF CB2
–
13.7 kW 13.7 kW
R1 4.7 nF Vout
10 kW – R3
10 kW
R2
Bessel 119 kW R4
13.2 kW
Low-pass

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Summary

Active Band-Pass Filters

One implementation of a band-pass filter is to cascade

high-pass and low-pass filters with overlapping responses.
These filters are simple to design, but are not good for high
Q designs. A v
Low-pass response High-pass response
0 dB

–3 dB ade

–4
/d ec

0 dB
0 dB

/ dec
ad e
–4

f
fc1 f0 fc2

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Summary

Active Band-Pass Filters

The multiple-feedback band-pass filter is also more suited

to low-Q designs (<10) because the gain is a function of Q2
and may overload the op-amp if Q is too high.
Resistors R1 and R3 form an C1
input attenuator network that
affect Q and are an integral part R2
of the design. R1 C2
Key equations are: Vin –

1 R1  R3 Vout
f0  +
2πC R1 R2 R3 R3

R2
A0 
2 R1
Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Summary

Active Band-Pass Filters

The state-variable filter is suited to high Q band-pass
designs. It is normally optimized for band-pass
applications but also has low-pass and high-pass outputs
available. V V
out(HP) out(BP)
R1 R3 C1 C2

R2
Vin – R4
– R
7
The +next slide shows an example – of the Multisim

The Q is given by Bode plotter

Summing with +the circuit
amplifier R5 file that accompanies
Vout (LP)
+
1  R5  the text for Example 15-7. The Bode plotter
Integrator

Q    1 illustrates the high Q response

Integrator
of this type of
3  R6  R6
filter…

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Summary

Active Band-Pass Filters

The cursor is set very close to the lower cutoff frequency.

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Summary

Active Band-Stop Filters

A band-stop (notch) filter can be made from a multiple

feedback circuit or a state-variable circuit. By summing the
LP and HP outputs from a state-variable filter, a band-stop
filter is formed.
R3
R1
LP
Vin State-variable –
R2
filter HP
Band-stop
output
+

The next slide shows an example of the

(corrected) Multisim file that accompanies
the text for Example 15-8.
Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Summary

Active Band-Stop Filters

This circuit is based on text Example 15-8, which notches
60 Hz. The response can be observed with the Bode
plotter.

The cursor is shown on the center frequency of the response.

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Summary

Filter Measurements
Filter responses can be observed in practical circuits with a
swept frequency measurement. The test setup for this
measurement is shown here.

Oscilloscope

The sawtooth X Y

waveform Sweep
generator
synchronizes the Vin
Filter
Vout

oscilloscope with
Sawtooth
the sweep generator. output

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Selected Key Terms

Pole A circuit containing one resistor and one

capacitor that contributes 20 dB/decade to a
filter’s roll-off.

Roll-off The rate of decrease in gain below or above

the critical frequencies of a filter.

Damping factor A filter characteristic that determines the type

of response.

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.