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7 Layers of OSI Refence Model

The document describes the seven-layer OSI reference model which divides networking functions into layers to simplify complexity. The layers are physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application which handle data encapsulation, addressing, routing, reliability and application functions respectively.

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Jason Echevaria
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33 views

7 Layers of OSI Refence Model

The document describes the seven-layer OSI reference model which divides networking functions into layers to simplify complexity. The layers are physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application which handle data encapsulation, addressing, routing, reliability and application functions respectively.

Uploaded by

Jason Echevaria
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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THE OSI REFERENCE MODEL

- The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)


reference model is a descriptive network
scheme. It ensures greater compatibility and
interoperability between various types of
network technologies.

- The model was developed by the International


Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) in
1984. It is now considered the primary
Architectural model for inter-computer
communications.
- The OSI model describes how information or
data makes its way from application
programmes (such as spreadsheets) through a
network medium (such as wire) to another
application programme located on another
network.
- The OSI reference model divides the problem
of moving information between computers
over a network medium into SEVEN smaller
and more manageable problems .
- This separation into smaller more manageable
functions is known as layering
A LAYERED NETWORK MODEL
• The OSI Reference Model is composed of seven
layers, each specifying particular network
functions.
• The process of breaking up the functions or
tasks of networking into layers reduces
complexity.
• Each layer provides a service to the layer above
it in the protocol specification.
• Each layer communicates with the same layer’s
software or hardware on other computers.
• The lower 4 layers (transport, network, data link
and physical —Layers 4, 3, 2, and 1) are
concerned with the flow of data from end to end
through the network.
• The upper 3 layers of the OSI model
(application, presentation and session—Layers
7, 6 and 5) are orientated more toward services
to the applications.
• Data is Encapsulated with the necessary protocol
information as it moves down the layers before
network transit.
THE SEVEN OSI REFERENCE
MODEL LAYERS
LAYER 7: APPLICATION
• The application layer is the OSI layer that is closest to the
user.
• It provides network services to the user’s applications.
• It differs from the other layers in that it does not provide
services to any other OSI layer, but rather, only to
applications outside the OSI model.
• Examples of such applications are spreadsheet programs,
word processing programs, and bank terminal programs.
• The application layer establishes the availability of intended
communication partners, synchronizes and establishes
agreement on procedures for error recovery and control of
data integrity.
LAYER 6: PRESENTATION

• The presentation layer ensures that the information that the


application layer of one system sends out is readable by the
application layer of another system.
• If necessary, the presentation layer translates between
multiple data formats by using a common format.
• Provides encryption and compression of data.
• Examples :- JPEG, MPEG, ASCII, EBCDIC, HTML.
- Joint Photographic Experts Group
- Motion Pictures Experts Group
- American Standard Code for Information Interchange.
- Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code
- hyper text mark up language
LAYER 5: SESSION
• The session layer defines how to start, control and end
conversations (called sessions) between applications.

• This includes the control and management of multiple bi-


directional messages using dialogue control.

• It also synchronizes dialogue between two hosts'


presentation layers and manages their data exchange.

• The session layer offers provisions for efficient data


transfer.
LAYER 4: TRANSPORT
• The transport layer regulates information flow to ensure end-to-
end connectivity between host applications reliably and accurately.
• The transport layer segments data from the sending host's system
and reassembles the data into a data stream on the receiving host's
system.
• The boundary between the transport layer and the session layer
can be thought of as the boundary between application protocols
and data-flow protocols. Whereas the application, presentation,
and session layers are concerned with application issues, the lower
four layers are concerned with data transport issues.
• Layer 4 protocols include TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
and UDP (User Datagram Protocol).
LAYER 3: NETWORK
• Defines end-to-end delivery of packets.

• Defines logical addressing so that any endpoint can be identified.

• Defines how routing works and how routes are learned so that the
packets can be delivered.

• The network layer also defines how to fragment a packet into


smaller packets to accommodate different media.

• Routers operate at Layer 3.


LAYER 2: DATA LINK
• The data link layer provides access to the networking media and
physical transmission across the media and this enables the data
to locate its intended destination on a network.

• The data link layer provides reliable transit of data across a


physical link by using the Media Access Control (MAC)
addresses.

• The data link layer uses the MAC address to define a hardware
or data link address in order for multiple stations to share the
same medium and still uniquely identify each other.

• Concerned with network topology, network access, error


notification, ordered delivery of frames, and flow control.
LAYER 1: PHYSICAL

• The physical layer deals with the physical characteristics of the


transmission medium.

• It defines the electrical, mechanical, procedural, and functional


specifications for activating, maintaining, and deactivating the
physical link between end systems.

• Such characteristics as voltage levels, timing of voltage changes,


physical data rates, maximum transmission distances, physical
connectors, and other similar attributes are defined by physical
layer specifications.

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