By

HOW TO CHOSE RTOS Curated By

Kavitha Patil
 HOW TO CHOSE RTOS

1. The decision of an RTOS for an embedded design is very critical.

2. A lot of factors need to be analyzed carefully before making a
decision on the selection of an RTOS.
3. These factors can be either
Functional
Non-functional requirements

INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM 1 January 2020

 MODULE OUTCOMES

 At the end of this module ,You will be able to :

 Operating System Basics:
 Types of Operating Systems
 Real Time Kernel Task/Process Management
 Memory Management:
 Interrupt Handling
 Hard Real-time System:
 Tasks, Processes & Threads
 The Concept of multithreading

INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM

1 January 2020
 SESSION SCHEDULE

 8 learning sessions
 2 session for assignment and reviews
 Teaching methods
 group learning ,
 peer learning ,
 innovative quiz
 self learning

INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM

1 January 2020
 HOW TO CHOSE RTOS

 At the end of this session you will be able to :

 Types of RTOS

INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM

1 January 2020
 FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

 1. Processor support: It is not necessary that all RTOS’s support

all kinds of processor architectures. It is essential to ensure
the processor support by the RTOS 2. Memory Requirements:
 • The RTOS requires ROM memory for holding the OS files and
it is normally stored in a non-volatile memory like FLASH. OS
also requires working memory RAM for loading the OS service.
Since embedded systems are memory constrained, it is
essential to evaluate the minimal RAM and ROM requirements
for the OS under consideration.
 3.Real-Time Capabilities: It is not mandatory that the OS for all
embedded systems need to be RealTime and all embedded OS’s
are ‘Real-Time’ in behavior. The Task/process scheduling
policies plays an important role in the RealTime behavior of an
OS.

INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM

1 January 2020
 KERNEL AND INTERRUPT LATENCY

 : The kernel of the OS may disable interrupts while executing certain

services and it may lead to interrupt latency. For an embedded system
whose response requirements are high, thislatency should be minimal.
 5. Int er process Communication (IPC) and Task Synchronization: The
implementation of IPC and Synchronization is OS kernel dependent.
 6. Modularization Support: Most of the OS’s provide a bunch of features.
It is very useful if the OS supports modularization where in which the
developer can choose the essential modules and re-compile the OS image
for functioning
 . 7.Support for Networking and Communication: The OS kernel may provide
stack implementation and driver support for a bunch of communication
interfaces and networking. Ensure that the OS under consideration
provides support for all the interfaces required by the embedded product.
 8. Development Language Support: Certain OS’s include the run time
libraries required for running applications written in languages like JAVA
and C++.

INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM

1 January 2020
 NON- FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

 Custom Developed or Off the Shelf: It is possible to go for the

complete development of an OS suiting the embedded system
needs or use an off the shelf, readily availableOS. It may be
possible to build the required features by customizing an open
source OS. The decision on which to select is purely dependent
on the development cost, licensing fees for the OS,
development time and availability of skilled resources.
 2. Cost: The total cost for developing or buying the OS and
maintaining it in terms of commercial product and custom
build needs to be evaluated before taking a decision on the
selection of OS.

INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM

1 January 2020
 . Development and Debugging tools Availability: The
availability of development and debugging tools is a critical
decision making factor in the selection of an OS for embedded
design. Certain OS’s may be superior in performance, but the
availability of tools for supporting the development may be
limited.
 4. Ease of Use: How easy it is to use a commercial RTOS is
another important feature that needs to be considered in the
RTOS selection.
 5. After Sales: For a commercial embedded RTOS, after sales
in the form of e-mail, on-call services etc. for bug fixes, critical
patch updates and support for production issues etc. should be
analyzed thoroughly

INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM

1 January 2020
 DEVICE DRIVERS

 Device driver is a piece of software that acts as a bridge

between the operating system and the hardware
 • The user applications talk to the OS kernel for all necessary
information exchange including communication with the
hardware peripherals
 The architecture of the OS kernel will not allow direct device
access from the user application
 • All the device related access should flow through the OS
kernel and the OS kernel routes it to the concerned hardware
peripheral
 • OS Provides interfaces in the form of Application Programming
Interfaces (APIs) for accessing the hardware
 • The device driver abstracts the hardware from user
applications

INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM

1 January 2020
 DEVICE DRIVERS

INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM

1 January 2020
 DEVICE DRIVERS

 Device drivers are responsible for initiating and managing the

communication with the hardware peripherals
 • Drivers which comes as part of the Operating system image is
known as ‘built-in drivers’ or ‘onboard’ drivers. Eg. NAND FLASH
driver
 • Drivers which needs to be installed on the fly for communicating
with addon devices are known as ‘Installable drivers’
 • For installable drivers, the driver is loaded on a need basis when
the device is present and it is unloaded when the device
isremoved/detached
 • The ‘Device Manager service of the OS kernel is responsible for
loading and unloading the driver, managing the driver etc.
 • The underlying implementation of device driver is OS kernel
dependent •

INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM

1 January 2020
 DEVICE DRIVERS

 The driver communicates with the kernel is dependent on the

OS structure and implementation.
 • Device drivers can run on either user space or kernel space
• Device drivers which run in user space are known as user
mode drivers and the drivers which run in kernel space are
known as kernel mode drivers
• User mode drivers are safer than kernel mode drivers
• If an error or exception occurs in a user mode driver, it won’t
affect the services of the kernel

INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM

1 January 2020
 DEVICE DRIVERS

 User mode drivers are safer than kernel mode drivers

 • If an error or exception occurs in a user mode driver, it
won’t affect the services of the kernel
 • If an exception occurs in the kernel mode driver, it may
lead to the kernel crash
 • The way how a device driver is written and how the
interrupts are handled in it are Operating system and target
hardware specific.
 • The device driver implements the following:
 • Device (Hardware) Initialization and Interrupt configuration

INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM

1 January 2020
 DEVICE DRIVERS

 Interrupt handling and processing • Client interfacing

(Interfacing with user applications)
 • The basic Interrupt configuration involves the following
 • Set the interrupt type (Edge Triggered (Rising/Falling) or
LevelTriggered (Low or High)), enable the interrupts and set
the interrupt priorities.
 • The processor identifies an interrupt through IRQ. • IRQs
are generated by the Interrupt Controller.
 • Register an Interrupt Service Routine (ISR) with an
Interrupt Request (IRQ).

INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM

1 January 2020
 DEVICE DRIVERS

 When an interrupt occurs, depending on its priority, it is serviced and the

corresponding ISR is invoked
• The processing part of an interrupt is handled in an ISR
• The whole interrupt processing can be done by the ISR itself or by invoking
an Interrupt Se rvice Thread (IST)
• The IST performs interrupt processing on behalf of the ISR
• It is always advised to use an IST for interrupt processing, to make the ISR
compact and short

INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM

1 January 2020
 SUMMARY :

 In this Session ,You have learned

 How to choose RTOS and device crivers

INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM

1 January 2020
 A QUICK QUIZ

The first recognised modern embedded system is

1. Minuteman I
2. Minuteman II
3. Autonetics D17
4. Apollo Guidance computer(AGC)

INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM

1 January 2020
 A QUICK QUIZ

 Which of the following is not the example of Small scale

Embedded System
 Electronic Barbie Doll
 Simple Calculator
 Cell Phone
 Electronic Toy Car

INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM

1 January 2020