STRUCTURAL WALLS

Civil Engineering Department

Petra Christian University
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 Structural Wall
Overview
• Efficient lateral-force resisting system, while simultaneously
fulfilling other functional requirement
• 20 stories  matter of choice, 30 stories  economic and
control of lateral deflection

diaphragm

wall

Plan Idealization in x-axis

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 Overview – cont’.

• Stiffer than framed structures:

– reducing the possibility of excessive deformations under small
earthquake.
– Properly detailed longitudinal and transverse reinforcement in order
to avoid structural damage under moderate earthquake.
– Provided special detailing measures, dependable ductile response can
be achieved under major earthquake.
• Inherently brittle as a consequence of shear failure in poorly detailed
walls  to be designed for lower ductility factors than frame.
• The principles of the inelastic seismic behavior of reinforced concrete
components developed for frames are generally also applicable to
structural walls and that it is relatively easy to dissipate seismic energy in
a stable manner.

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 Assumptions
1. Structural walls will be assumed to posses adequate foundations that
can transmit actions from the superstructure into the ground without
allowing the walls to rock.
2. The foundation of one of several interacting structural walls does not
affect its own stiffness relative to the other walls.
3. Inertia forces at each floor are introduced to structural walls by
diaphragm action of the floor system and by adequate connection to
the diaphragm. Floor systems are assumed to remain elastic at all
times.
4. The entire lateral force is resisted by structural walls.
5. Walls considered here are generally deemed to offer resistance
independently with respect to the two major axes of the section only.

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 Structural Wall System
1. Strategies in the Location of Structural Walls

• Wall contribution to the

building resistance will Unfortunately, it is
depends on: dictated by functional
requirements
– Geometric
configuration
– Orientation
– Location Collaborating
with architects
Important aspects:
• Symmetry in stiffness
• Torsional stability
• Available overturning capacity of the foundations
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 1. Strategies in the Location of Structural Walls – Cont’.

• In the N-S direction the

lateral force per wall will be
small as a result of a large
number of walls.
• The behavior in the E-W
direction will be more
critical because of reduced
wall area and the large
Typical wall arrangements in number of doors.
hotels and apartment buildings

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 1. Strategies in the Location of Structural Walls – Cont’.

Examples for the torsional stability of wall systems

CR CR
CR

(a) (b) (c)

Torsionally Unstable Systems  small torsional rigidity

(a) & (c)  no eccentricity of inertia forces, but the systems
will not accommodate torsion (refered to as accidental
torsion).

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 1. Strategies in the Location of Structural Walls – Cont’.

Examples for the torsional stability of wall systems

CR CR

CR

(d) (e) (f)

Torsionally Stable Systems  small static eccentricity

(e)  the best configuration = tubular system

(d)  significant eccentricity but torsional resistance can be
efficiently provided by the actions induced in the plane
of the short walls.
(d) & (f)  should not be favored in ductile earthquake-
resisting building unless additional lateral-force-
resisting-systems, such as ductile frames, are also
present 14
 1. Strategies in the Location of Structural Walls – Cont’.

Lateral force resistance provided by reinforced concrete core

 Additional resistance may be derived, if necessary, from

perimeter frames.

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 1. Strategies in the Location of Structural Walls – Cont’.
In choosing suitable locations for lateral-force-resisting
structural walls, three additional aspects should be
considered:
1. For the best torsional resistance, as many of the walls
as possible should be located at the periphery of the
building.
2. The more gravity load can be routed to the
foundation via a structural wall, the less will be the
demand for flexural reinforcement in that wall and the
more ready can foundations be provided to absorb the
overturning moments generated in that wall.
3. A concentration of the total lateral force resistance in
only one or two structural walls is likely to introduce
very large forces to the foundation structure, so that
special enlarged foundations may be required 16
 Structural Wall System
2. Sectional Shapes

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h)

• The minimum thickness of walls is often determined by code

requirement to ensure workability of wet concrete.
• Boundary element (b) – (d) 
• to allow effective anchorage
• to accommodate flexural reinforcement
• to provide stability against lateral buckling
• to enable more effective confinement of the compressed
concrete in potential plastic hinge. 17
Structural Wall System
3. Variation in Elevation

Low hw/w  inelastic behavior

is strongly affected by effect of
shear
hw w

hw

Cantilever Structural Wall without Openings

• Can be treated as ordinary reinforced concrete beam-columns

• Floor slab will stabilize the wall against lateral buckling.
• A plastic hinge at the base can develop.
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3. Variation in Elevation – cont’.

Shear strength of walls as affected by openings

• Shear strength of walls as affected by openings  diagonal

cracking
• Using diagonal reinforcement, distress of region between
opening due to shear can be prevented, and a ductile cantilever
response due to flexural yielding at the base can be enforced.
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3. Variation in Elevation – cont’.


Structural Wall Supported on Columns

• Soft storey mechanism with a high probability of excessive
ductility demands on the columns.
• The overturning moment is likely to impose simultaneously very
large axial forces on one of the supporting columns.
• This system must be avoided.
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3. Variation in Elevation – cont’.

Types of coupled structural walls

• Efficient structural system, suited for ductile response with very

good energy dissipation, can be conceived when openings are
arranged in a regular and rational pattern.
• Number of walls are interconnected by beams  coupled
structural walls.
• The connecting beams (relatively short and deep) are weaker
than the walls  enable to yield.
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3. Variation in Elevation – cont’.

Undesireable Pierced Walls for Earthquake Resistance

• Connecting beams are stronger than the walls

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 Geometric Modeling

• Standard programs for Outline of

structure
frame analyses may be
used. It will be
necessary to account The model
for more rigid end structure
zones where beams Infinitely
frame into walls. rigid elements

Modeling of Deep-membered Wall Frames 24

• The accuracy of geometric
stiffness modeling may vary
considerably. It is true for deep
membered structure. Outline of
structure
• In couple walls, axial The model
deformations may be structure
significant, and these affect Infinitely
the efficiency of shear rigid elements
transfer across the coupling
system. It is difficult to model
accurately axial deformations in
deep members after the onset
of flexural cracking.

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 w

M
After cracking, resulting elongation .
This deformation may affect accuracy,
particularly when the dynamic response is
 evaluated

Reference axis
The position of neutral axis will have to
change with the height of the wall due to
moment variations, as well as with the
direction of lateral force, which in turn
might control the sense of the axial
force on the wall.

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FAILURE MODES

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

• Prerequisite in the design of ductile structural walls is that flexural yielding

in the defined plastic hinge zones should control the strength, inelastic
deformation, and hence energy dissipation in the entire structural system
(Fig. b & e).
• Brittle failure mechanism should not be permitted to occur.  Fig.c:
diagonal tension, Fig.d: sliding shear along construction joints.
• This is achieved by establishing a desirable failure mechanism using
capacity design procedures and by appropriate detailing of the potential
plastic hinge.
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 Steady reduction of strength
and ability to dissipate energy.

Hysteretic response controlled by shear strength

Displacement ductility  4.

Stable hysteretic response of a ductile wall structure

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SNI 23.6 Dinding Struktural Beton Khusus dan
Balok Perangkai Khusus

hw
Nu
w Mu
Vu

w
1. Ketentuan tentang Penulangan
• Rasio penulangan dalam arah vertikal maupun normal thd dinding
v (n) dan h minimal 0.0025
• Jika Vu < (1/12)Acv√fc’  Tulangan minimum sesuai ps. 16.3.
• smax < 450 mm
• Tulangan geser harus menerus dan tersebar dalam bidang geser.
• Jika Vu > (1/6)Acv√fc’  dinding harus diberi 2 lapis tulangan.
• Semua tulangan harus diangkur sesuai ketentuan untuk tulangan 29
tarik pada 23.5(4).
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2. Ketentuan tentang Gaya Rencana
• Vu harus diperoleh dari analisis beban lateral sesuai
dengan kombinasi beban terfaktor

• Kuat geser nominal tidak boleh melebihi

Vn  Acv  c f c '  n f y 

dimana:  c  1/ 4 untuk  hw / w   1.5

 c  1/ 6 untuk  hw / w   2.0
Interpolasi linier untuk nilai diantaranya

 h• w / Rasio
w  untuk
segmen dinding harus diambil
Bukaan
nilai terbesar dari rasio-rasio
untuk dinding keseluruhan Segmen
dan segmen dinding tersebut. dinding
horizontal
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• Dinding harus mempunyai tulangan geser tersebar dalam
arah ortogonal dinding. Apabila rasio (hw/w) < 2.0
 h  v
tw
s1 max = w/3 atau 3tw atau 500 mm
s2 max = w/5 atau 3tw atau 500 mm
hw
n min = 0.0025 + 0.5 2.5 –  (h – 0.0025)
w

hw
s2 hw

Acv = tw w h = Av
w tw s2
s1 v = n = Av
t w s1

tw

w
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• Kuat geser nominal sistem dinding struktural tidak boleh
melebihi:
Acv   Acpi
Vn sistem dinding  (2 / 3) Acv fc ' Acp1 Acp2

Vn individual  (5 / 6) Acp fc '

• Kuat geser nominal segmen

dinding horizontal tidak boleh Bukaan
lebih dari:
Segmen
Vn  (5 / 6) Acp fc ' dinding
horizontal

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3. Perencanaan Lentur dan Aksial
• Dinding direncanakan terhadap lentur + aksial  kolom
(ps.12) dan gaya geser + puntir (ps. 13.10)

4. Komponen Batas
• Ps.23.6(6(2)) Untuk dinding yang menerus dari dasar hingga puncak
dan direncanakan memiliki satu penampang kritis untuk lentur dan
gaya aksial:
• Daerah tekan harus diberi komponen batas khusus dimana:
w
c u/hw > 0.007; u = simpangan struktur
600   u / hw 
• Tulangan harus diteruskan secara vertikal dari penampang kritis
sejarak tidak kurang dari nilai terbesar dari w atau Mu/(4Vu).

• Dinding struktural yang tidak direncanakan sesuai Ps. 23.6(6(2)),

harus diberi komponen batas khusus di sekeliling sisi luarnya dan di
tepi bukaan dinding dimana tegangan tekan tepi-nya melebihi 0.2fc’.
Komponen batas khusus boleh dihentikan jika tegangan tekan
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kurang dari 0.15fc’.
CONTOH

Diketahui:
Beban ultimit:
Pu = 5680 kN; Mu = 34,341 kNm; Vu = 4149 kN.
Dimensi dinding:
Vu tw = 350 mm; w = 6700 mm; hw = 29 m
Mu Mutu beton fc’ = 30 MPa; fy = 400 MPa.
Pu

Kebutuhan akan 2 lapis tulangan:

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Jika Vu  Acv f c ' maka diperlukan 2 lapis tulangan
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1
4149   350 x6700  30
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4149 kN  2141 kN (YES)  perlu 2 lapis tulangan
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Check kuat geser nominal sistem dinding struktural:
* Vu  Vn sistem
2
Vu   Acv fc '
3
2
4149 kN  0.55  350 x6700  30
3
4149 kN  4709 kN .... (OK)
* Vu  Vn
Vu   Acv  f c '   n f y 
 digunakan tulangan 2D12 (As = 226 mm 2 ) dengan s s=1 100 mm
= 100 mm
226
n   0.00646
350 x100
1 
4149 kN  0.55  350 x6700   30  0.00646 x400 
6 
4149 kN  4676 kN ... (OK)

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Sesuai ps.23.6, tulangan vertikal harus h > 0.0025.
Dipilih 2D12 (2 lapis) dengan jarak s2 = 250 mm, maka:
226
hv   0.00258  0.0025 ... (OK)
350 x 250

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