Human Computer Interaction

Lecture 01 - Introduction

Abdur Rehman,
Institute of Computing (IoC), KUST, KPK
Pakistan

[email protected]

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 History of HCI
 Where did HCI innovations and philosophy come from?

 Who were the major personalities?

 What were the important systems?

 How did ideas move from the laboratory to the market?

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 History of HCI
Input Output

Early daysconnecting wires lights on display

paper tape & punch cards paper
keyboard teletype

Today keyboard scrolling glass teletype

+ cursor keys character terminal
+ mouse bit-mapped screen
+ microphone audio

Soon? data gloves + suits head-mounted displays

computer jewelry ubiquitous computing
natural language autonomous agents
cameras multimedia
The lesson
– keyboards & terminals are just artifacts of today’s technologies
– new input/output devices will change the way we interact with computers

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 History of HCI - Eniac (1943)
 A general view of the ENIAC, the world's first all electronic
numerical integrator and computer

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 History of HCI - Mark I (1944)
The Mark I paper tape readers.

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 History of HCI - IBM SSEC (1948)

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 History of HCI - Stretch (1961)

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 History of HCI - J.C.R. Licklider (1960)
Outlined “man-computer symbiosis”

“The hope is that, in not too many years, human brains

and computing machines will be coupled together very
tightly and that the resulting partnership will think as no
human brain has ever thought and process data in a way
not approached by the information-handling machines we
know today.”

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 History of HCI - J.C.R. Licklider (1960)
 Produced goals that are pre-requisite to “man-computer
symbiosis”

 Immediate goals:
o time sharing of computers among many users
o electronic i/o for the display and communication of
symbolic and pictorial information
o interactive real time system for information processing and
programming
o large scale information storage and retrieval

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 History of HCI

J.C.R. Licklider (continued)

 intermediate goals:
o facilitation of human cooperation in the design &
programming of large systems
o combined speech recognition, hand-printed character
recognition & light-pen editing

 long term visions:

o natural language understanding (syntax, semantics,
pragmatics)
o speech recognition of arbitrary computer users
o heuristic programming

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 History of HCI

Significant Advances 1960 - 1980

 Mid ‘60s
o computers too expensive for a single person

 Time-sharing
o the illusion that each user was on their own personal
machine
o led to immediate need to support human-computer
interaction
 dramatically increased accessibility of machines
 afforded interactive systems and languages vs batch “jobs”
 community as a whole communicated through computers
(and eventually through networks) via email, shared files, etc.

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 History of HCI

Ivan Sutherland’s SketchPad-1963 PhD

 Sophisticated drawing package
introduced many ideas/concepts now found in today’s
interfaces

 hierarchical structures defined pictures and sub-pictures

 object-oriented programming: master picture with instances
 constraints: specify details which the system maintains through changes
 icons: small pictures that represented more complex items
 copying: both pictures and constraints
 input techniques: efficient use of
light pen
 world coordinates: separation of
screen from drawing coordinates
 recursive operations: applied to
children of hierarchical objects

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 Paradigm Shifter: Douglas Engelbart
 Landmark system/demo:
o Mouse, windows
o Hypertext
o Multimedia
o High-res display,
o Shared files, CSCW,
o Electronic messaging, teleconferencing, ...

 Inventor of mouse

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 History of HCI - The First Mouse (1964)

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 Paradigm Shifter: Alan Kay
 “Personal Computing”

 Dynabook: Notebook sized

computer loaded with
multimedia and can
store everything

 Desktop interface metaphor

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 Paradigm Shifter: Ted Nelson
 Computers can help
people, not just business

 Coined term “hypertext”

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 History of HCI

The Personal Computer

 Xerox PARC, mid-’70s
o Alto computer, a personal workstation
 local processor, bit-mapped display, mouse

o modern graphical interfaces

 text and drawing editing, electronic mail
 windows, menus, scroll bars, mouse selection, etc

o local area networks (Ethernet) for personal workstations

 could make use of shared resources

 ALTAIR 8800 (1975)

o Popular electronics article that showed people
how to build a computer for under $400

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 History of HCI

Commercial machines: Xerox Star-1981

 First commercial personal computer designed for
“business professionals”

 First comprehensive GUI used many ideas developed at

Xerox PARC
o familiar user’s conceptual model (simulated desktop)
o promoted recognizing/pointing rather than
remembering/typing
o what you see is what you get (WYSIWYG)
o small set of generic commands that could be used
throughout the system
o high degree of consistency and simplicity

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 WIMP
 Windows, Icons, Menus, Pointers
 Timesharing=multiusers; now we need multitasking
 WIMP interface allows you to do several things
simultaneously
 Has become the familiar GUI interface
 Xerox Alto, Star; early Apples

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 History of HCI

Commercial Machines: Apple Lisa (1983)

 based upon many ideas in the Star
o predecessor of Macintosh,
o somewhat cheaper ($10,000)
o commercial failure as well

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http://fp3.antelecom.net/gcifu/applemuseum/lisa2.html
 History of HCI

Commercial Machines: Apple

 Apple Macintosh (1984)
o “old ideas” but well done!
 succeeded because:
o aggressive pricing ($2500)
o did not need to trailblaze
 learnt from mistakes of Lisa and corrected them; ideas now “mature”
 market now ready for them

o developer’s toolkit encouraged 3rd party non-Apple software

o interface guidelines encouraged consistency between applications
o domination in desktop publishing because of affordable laser printer

and excellent graphics

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 History of HCI

Other events:
 MIT Architecture Machine Group
o Nicholas Negroponte (1969-1980+)
o many innovative inventions, including
 wall sized displays
 use of video disks
 use of artificial intelligence in interfaces (idea of agents)
 speech recognition merged with pointing
 speech production

 ACM SIGCHI (1982)

o special interest group on computer-human interaction
o conferences draw between 2000-3000 people

 HCI Journals
o Int J Man Machine Studies (1969)
o many others since 1982

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 History of HCI

You know now:

 HCI importance result of:

o cheaper/available computers/workstations meant people more

important than machines

o excellent interface ideas modeled after human needs instead of

system needs (user centered design)

o evolution of ideas into products through several generations

 pioneer systems developed innovative designs, but often commercially unviable
 settler systems incorporated (many years later) well-researched designs

o people no longer willing to accept products with poor interfaces

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 Paradigm Shifter: Douglas Engelbart
 Landmark system/demo:
o Mouse, windows
o Hypertext
o Multimedia
o High-res display,
o Shared files, CSCW,
o Electronic messaging, teleconferencing, ...

 Inventor of mouse

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 Paradigm Shifter: Alan Kay
 “Personal Computing”

 Dynabook: Notebook sized

computer loaded with
multimedia and can
store everything

 Desktop interface metaphor

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 Paradigm Shifter: Ted Nelson
 Computers can help
people, not just business

 Coined term “hypertext”

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