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Week 07lectures

This document discusses various topics relating to transmission impairments including frequency ranges, terrestrial microwave communication, satellite communication, cellular telephony, attenuation, decibels, distortion, noise, performance metrics like throughput and propagation speed/time, wavelength, Shannon capacity, and a comparison of different transmission media. Key transmission impairments covered are attenuation, distortion, and noise. Performance is measured by throughput, propagation speed/time. Wavelength depends on frequency and propagation speed. Shannon capacity determines the theoretical highest data rate based on bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio. When comparing media, cost, speed, attenuation, interference, and security are important factors.

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Hamzah Akhtar
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56 views25 pages

Week 07lectures

This document discusses various topics relating to transmission impairments including frequency ranges, terrestrial microwave communication, satellite communication, cellular telephony, attenuation, decibels, distortion, noise, performance metrics like throughput and propagation speed/time, wavelength, Shannon capacity, and a comparison of different transmission media. Key transmission impairments covered are attenuation, distortion, and noise. Performance is measured by throughput, propagation speed/time. Wavelength depends on frequency and propagation speed. Shannon capacity determines the theoretical highest data rate based on bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio. When comparing media, cost, speed, attenuation, interference, and security are important factors.

Uploaded by

Hamzah Akhtar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Transmission

Impairments

Lectures
week8
Recap of Lecture 27
 Frequency Ranges
 Terrestrial Microwave Communication
 Satellite Communication
 Cellular Telephony
 Transmission Impairments
Overview of Lecture 26

 Transmission Impairments
 Performance of Transmission Medium
 Wavelength
 Shannon Capacity
 Media Comparison
Transmission Impairments
Attenuation
 Attenuation means loss of energy

 Some of electrical energy is


converted to heat
Attenuation
Decibel (dB)
 Relative strengths of two signals or a
signal at two points
dB = 10 log10 (P2/P1)
P2 and P1 are signal powers

 Negative dB means attenuation


 Positive dB means amplification
Example 7.1
 Imagine a signal travels through a
transmission medium and its power is
reduced to half. This means P2=(1/2)P1.
Calculate Attenuation?
 Solution:
– 10log10(P2/ P1)= 10log10(0.5 P1/ P1)
=10(-0.3)= -3 dB
Distortion
 Distortion means that the signal
changes its form or shape

 Distortion occurs in a composite


signal
Distortion
Noise
 Thermal noise

 Induced noise

 Cross talk

 Impulse noise
Noise
Performance
 Performance of media can be
measured in:

– Throughput
– Propagation speed
– Propagation time
Throughput
 How fast data can pass through a point
in the medium?
Propagation speed
 The distance a signal (or a bit) can
travel through a medium in one
second

 Depends on
– Medium
– Frequency of Signal
Propagation Time
 The time a signal (or a bit) to travel
from one point of a medium to another

Dis tan ce
 Propagation time =
Pr opagationSpeed
Propagation Time
 3.33 s/km for twisted pair
 5 s/km for coaxial or fiber optic cable
Wavelength
 Distance a simple signal can travel in
one period

 The wavelength depends on both the


frequency and the medium

– Wavelength = Propagation speed * period


– Wavelength = Propagation speed / frequency
Wavelength
Shannon Capacity
 Shannon introduces a formula to
determine the theoretical highest
data rate for a channel

 C = B log2 (1 + S/N) in bps


– B: bandwidth of the channel
– S/N: signal to noise ratio
Shannon Capacity
(Example)
 Extremely noisy channel

– S/N  0

– C = B log2 (1+0) = 0
Shannon Capacity
(Example)
 Telephone line

– Bandwidth is 3000 Hz, S/N ratio is


3162 (35 dB)

– C = 3000 log2 (1+3162) = 34,860


bps
Media Comparison
 Five factors should be kept in mind
when evaluating a medium:
– Cost
– Speed
– Attenuation
– EM Interference
– Security
Summary
 Transmission Impairments
 Performance of Transmission
Medium
 Wavelength
 Shannon Capacity
 Media Comparison
Suggested Reading

 Section 7.4, 7.5, 7.6. 7.7, “Data


Communications and Networking” 2nd
Edition by Behrouz A. Forouzan

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