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Strings in C

Strings in C are arrays of characters terminated by a null character. The document discusses how to initialize, read, and print strings in C. It also covers common string operations like getting the length of a string, copying strings, concatenating strings, comparing strings, and converting case. Functions like strlen(), strcpy(), strcat(), strcmp(), strrev(), strlwr(), and strupr() are described.

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Raminder Cheema
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166 views17 pages

Strings in C

Strings in C are arrays of characters terminated by a null character. The document discusses how to initialize, read, and print strings in C. It also covers common string operations like getting the length of a string, copying strings, concatenating strings, comparing strings, and converting case. Functions like strlen(), strcpy(), strcat(), strcmp(), strrev(), strlwr(), and strupr() are described.

Uploaded by

Raminder Cheema
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Strings in C

What is String
Strings are actually one-dimensional array of
characters terminated by a null character '\0'. 
Declaration of Character:
char a;
Declaration of String:
char myString[10];
The characters after the null character are ignored.
'C' language does not directly support string as a data
type. Hence, to display a string in 'C', you need to
make use of a character array.
String Initialization
Initialization Syntax:
- char str [] = { 'H','A','E','S', 'L', 'E', 'R', '\0' } ;
- char myString[10] = “Hello”;
- char myString[] = “Initial value”;
where \0 = null character, denotes end of the string.

Note: that ‘\0’ and ‘0’ are not same.


Reading string from user
Using scanf()
Using scanf, a string can be read using %s format specifier.
Syntax:
char str[30];
scanf(“%s”, mystring); //& is optional with string

Problem with scanf():


Can read only single word.
terminates its input on the first white space it finds.
white space includes blanks, tabs, carriage returns(CR), form
feeds & new line.
Reading string from user
Using scanf()
Example:
char str[30];
printf(“Enter string:”);
scanf(“%s”,str);
printf(“String is:%s”,str);

OUTPUT:
Enter string:Hello World
String is:Hello
Reading string from user
Using gets()
Takes a string from standard input and assigns it to a
character array.
Can read multi word strings.
Syntax:
Example:
char str[30]; char str[30];
printf(“Enter string:”);
gets(str); gets(str);
printf(“String is:%s”,str);

OUTPUT:
Enter string:Hello World
String is:Hello World
Reading string from user
Using getchar()
getchar() as the name states reads only one character at
a time.
In order to read a string, we have to use this function
repeatedly until a terminating character is encountered.
The characters scanned one after the other have to be
stored simultaneously into the character array.
Syntax: for single character
char str;
str=getchar();
Reading string from user
Using getchar()
int main()
{
char str[50], ch; int i;
printf("Enter a string: ");
i = 0;
ch = getchar ();
while(ch!='\n')
{
str[i] = ch;
i++;
ch = getchar();
}
str[i] ='\0';
printf("Entered string is: %s", str);
return 0;
}
Printing strings
Using printf()
Using printf, a string can be displayed using %s format
specifier.
char str[10]=“Hello”;
printf(“%s”,str);
Using puts()
It just takes its parameter as the string to be printed.
char str[20]=“Hello World”;
puts(str);
Printing strings
Using putchar()
putchar() as the name states prints only one character at a
time.
In order to print a string, we have to use this function
repeatedly until a terminating character is encountered.
i = 0;
while(str[i]!='\0')
{
putchar( str[i] );
i++;
}
String Opertions-string.h
strlen()
returns number of characters in string
strcpy()
copy one string into another
strcat()
append one string onto the right side of the other
strcmp()
compare alphabetic order of two strings
strrev()
reverse the given string
strlwr()
converts the given string to lowercase
strupr()
converts the given string to uppercase
strlen()
The strlen() function takes a string as an argument and
returns its length.
Example:
char a[20]="Program";
printf("Length of string a = %ld \n",strlen(a));
strcpy()
strcpy(target, source)
Copies source string into target string
Example:
char str1[10]= "awesome";
char str2[10];
strcpy(str2, str1);
puts(str1);
puts(str2);
strcat()
The function strcat() concatenates two strings.
Example:
char str1[] = "This is ", str2[] = "programiz.com";
//concatenates str1 and str2 and resultant string is stored in
str1. strcat(str1,str2);
puts(str1);
puts(str2);
strcmp()
The strcmp() compares two strings character by character and
returns an integer.
If the first character of two strings is equal, the next character of
two strings are compared.
This continues until the corresponding characters of two strings
are different or a null character '\0' is reached.

Return Value from strcmp()


Return Value is 0 if both strings are identical
Return value is negative if the ASCII value of the first unmatched
character is less than second.
Return value is positive integer if the ASCII value of the first
unmatched character is greater than second.
strcmp()
Example:
char str1[] = "abcd", str2[] = "abCd", str3[] = "abcd";
int result;
// comparing strings str1 and str2
result = strcmp(str1, str2);
printf("strcmp(str1, str2) = %d\n", result);
// comparing strings str1 and str3
result = strcmp(str1, str3);
printf("strcmp(str1, str3) = %d\n", result);
strrev()
Char str[10]=“Hello”;
strrev(str);
puts(str);
strlwr()
strlwr(str);
strupr()
strupr(str)

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