CHAPTER 7:

Electricity and magnetism

 7.1 ELECTRICITY
• Energy is defined as the ability to do work and is
measured in joules (J).
 Daily activities that use energy

People use energy Plants need energy

Car need energy
to run, walk and form the Sun to
from fuel to move
play. continue living
 HEA
T
SOUN LIGH
D T

ENERG
ELECTRICA
Y KINETI
L C

CHEMICA POTENTIA
L L
 KINETIC ENERGY.
• Kinetic energy is energy possessed by a
moving object.
• The kinetic energy of an object increases
when it moves faster.
• Examples:
• A flying bird
• A moving car
 POTENTIAL ENERGY
Gravitational potential energy
• the energy stored in an object due to its
position. example: Coconut on tree
Elastic potential energy
• the energy stored in an object due to its
condition.
• examples: stretched spring, stretched
rubber band.
 HEAT ENERGY

• Stored in hot object. Examples Sun,

fire, and boiling water.
• The hotter the object, the higher the
heat energy it gives out.
• The Sun is the main sources of heat
energy.
LIGHT ENERGY
• Energy produced by an object that
emits light.
• Examples Lamp, fire, lightning, bulb,
and candle.
• Can detect by eye.

CHEMICAL ENERGY
• Stored in chemical substances such as
fuel, food and electrochemical cell
 SOUND ENERGY
• Produced by a vibrating object.
• Sound can transferred by gases, liquid
and solid.
• Sound cannot travel in a vacuum.
ELECTRICAL ENERGY
• Produced by the electric charges that
flow. Sources of electrical energy are
dynamos, batteries, solar panel/cell and
generator.

NUCLEAR ENERGY
• known as atomic energy.
• Obtained from elements such as
plutonium and uranium.
 Sources of energy

The Sun geothermal wind

Wave Fossil fuel Biomass

Radioactive
Water
substance
 Sources of energy
• There are various sources of energy on
Earth such as:
• fossil fuel (petroleum, natural gas and
coal)
• biomass fuels (from plant and animal)
• Radioactive substances(Plutonium and
uranium are used in nuclear power
station to produce nuclear energy)
• Wind (Caused by winds blowing on the
surface of the sea)
• Water in mountain areas (Changes
potential energy to kinetic energy to
generate electrical energy)
• Waves
• Geothermal (heat from inside the Earth)
• The Sun.
Geothermal
 GEOTHERMAL
• Geothermal energy uses heat energy from the
Earth’s inner core.
• Geothermal power stations are usually built
on the top of the geysers and hot springs.
• The escaping steam from these places has
high pressure which can rotate turbines and
generators to generate electrical energy.
Wind
 Wind
• Strong wind turns the blades of large wind
mills and wind turbines.
• The blades connected to the generator which
generates electrical energy whenever the
wind causes the blade to spin.
• Wind energy  kinetic energy  electrical
energy
Biomass
 Biomass
• Biomass energy obtained from plant residue
and waste material from animal.
• Animal waste, oil palm residue, coconut husks,
are put into a digester and left to decompose
• Biomass fuels such as alcohol, methane and
biogas are produced.
 The principle of energy
conservation
• Energy cannot be created or destroyed
• Energy can changed from one form to
another.
 Energy change
• Energy can changes from one form into
another.
• We use a machine to change one form
of energy into another form that is
needed to do certain work.
• A machine that can change energy from
one form into another is called an
energy converter.
 Examples:
• Moving car (chemical energy  kinetic energy)
• A radio (electrical energy  sound energy)
• Electric kettle (electric energy  heat energy)
• Alarm clock (potential energy  kinetic energy
-  sound energy)
• A falling coconut (potential energy  kinetic
energy)
 A simple pendulum
• When a metal bob is lifted to position P, it possesses
only potential energy.
• When it swings towards position Q after being released,
it loses potential energy and gain kinetic energy.
• Its kinetic energy is maximum at position Q.
• It loses kinetic energy and gain potential energy as it
swings towards position S.
The marble rolls up : kinetic potential
The marble rolls down: potential  kinetic
Maximum potential energy

Kinetic and potential

Maximum kinetic energy

Renewable and non-renewable energy
• Renewable energy sources are energy
sources that can be replaced when they
have been used. This means that the
supply of these energy sources will not
be used up.
• Non renewable energy sources are
energy sources that cannot be replaced
and will finally be used up.
 Renewable energy sources
• Wind
• Geothermal
• Sun
• Waves
• Biomass
• Water
 Non Renewable energy sources
• Fossil fuels
• Radioactive metals

• They take so long to form and therefore

cannot be replaced.
Energy Advantages Disadvantages
sources
Solar • Unlimited supply • Dependent on weather
• Does not cause • High cost of construction
pollution
Hydroelectric • Does not cause • High cost of construction
pollution • Upset the balance of
• Water always available nature
Wind • Unlimited supply • Dependent on wind
• Does not cause speed and direction
pollution • Cannot produce a lot of
electrical energy
Biomass • Removes waste • Requires a large amount
organic matter of biomass
• Low cost • Requires a large area to
work in
Energy Advantages Disadvantages
sources
Fossil fuels • Easy to burn • Causes air pollution
• Natural gas sets
free a lot of
energy
Nuclear • Little radioactive • Risk of accidents
element needed • High cost of
to supply large construction
amount of energy
 Some ways we can use energy efficiently

• Develop more efficient engines of motor

vehicles and machines.
• Switch off electrical appliances when not in
use.
• Use fluorescent lamps which are more
energy efficient instead of filament lamp.
• 5. An object that loses electrons becomes
positively charged because there are more
protons than electrons.
• 6. The transfer of charged particles happens
when two different substances are rubbed.
• The charge formed by friction is known as
electrostatic charge.
 How can static electrical charges be
produced?
• Static electrical charges are produced when two
objects (insulator) or materials are rubbed
together.
• Examples of materials that can be charged
easily are glass, ebonite, and plastic such as
acetate and polythene.
 Types of static electrical
charges

Positive charge Negative charge

(+) (-)
proton electron
 Characteristics of static electric
charges
• Like (same) charges repel.
• Unlike (different) charges attract.
 Type of charge produced
+ -

Glass Silk cloth

Cellulose acetate Silk cloth, woolen cloth

Silk cloth Hard rubber

Rubber (balloon) Nylon

Woollen cloth Rubber (balloon),

polythene
Fur Balloon, ebonite,
polythene
 Observation

Material Observation
Bits of paper ____________ the plastic ruler

Water stream ____________ the plastic ruler

Electroscope The gold leaf _________

An Electroscope is used to detect
static electrical charges
 Observation

Material Observation
Bits of paper Attracted towards the plastic ruler

Water stream Attracted towards the plastic ruler

Electroscope The gold leaf diverged

Static electrical charges
 Lightning
• Produced by a discharge of electrical charges from one cloud
to another or between a cloud and the Earth.
• Negative static electrical charges build up on the clouds during
a storm as strong wind rubs against water particles in the
clouds.
• The negative charges leap to the ground or another cloud
causing lightning.
 Aeroplane
• An aeroplane flying through the air build up static
electrical charges on its body due to friction with the air.
• When the aeroplane lands, its special conductive tyres
are able to conduct the electrical charges to the ground.
 Dry hair
• Dry hair stand when it is vigorously combed on a dry hair.
• When the hair is combed, friction between the hair and the
comb produces static electrical charges.
• As the hair has like charges, the strands of hair repel one
another and stand.
 Electric current
• Electricity is the flow electrical charges
(electrons) in one direction.

• The continuous flow of electrons form an

electric current.
 To observe the evidence of the flow
of electric current
• Galvanometer
• Van de Graaff
Van de graff
• The deflection of the galvanometer’s pointer
indicates the flow of the electric current.
 Electric current, voltage and resistance.

Terms Meaning
Voltage (V): The energy needed to move the
electrical charges from one point to
another.
Electric current (I) the continuous flow of electrons in an
electric circuit.

resistance (R) the property of resisting or opposing

the flow of electrical charges through it.
 Electric current, voltage and resistance.

• Electric current flows from

positive terminal to negative
terminal.
• electrons flow from negative
terminal to positive terminal.
 Electric Current, I

• Measured with an ammeter.

• Unit: ampere (A)
• An ammeter is connected in series to the electric
circuit.
• The positive and negative terminals of the ammeter
are connected to the positive and negative terminals of
the electric supply (battery).
 To measure Voltage V

• Measured with a voltmeter.

• Unit: volt (V).
• A voltmeter is connected in parallel to the electric
circuit.
• The positive and negative terminals of the ammeter
are connected to the positive and negative terminals
of the electric supply (battery).
 7.4 Relationship between current, voltage and resistance

• 1. Ohm’s Laws states that the current

flowing through a conductor is directly
proportional
• to its voltage.
7.2 flow of electric current in a series circuit
and parallel circuit.
• Electric current requires a complete path to
flow known as electric circuit.
• 2 types of circuit:
-series circuit
-parallel circuit.
 Circuit diagrams
• Closed circuit – The switch is closed and there is no gap in the
circuit. Electric current can flow from one end of the dry cell to
the other and the bulb will light up.

• Open circuit – the switch is open, therefore, there is a gap in the

circuit. Electric current cannot flow in the circuit and the bulb will
not light up.
 7.5: PARALLEL AND SERIES CIRCUIT
• Series circuit parallel circuit
Parallel circuit
Series circuit
 Numerical problem

• Example 1
In circuit P, if the current passing through one
bulb is 2A and the voltage across the bulb is 8V,
what is the resistance of the bulb?
Textbook page 157…
 7.8 MAGNETISM
1. The characteristics of a magnet are:
(a) A magnet has two poles – the north and the south poles.
(b) The same poles repel, different poles attract each other.
(c) A free hanging magnet always points in the north-south
direction.
(d) A magnet can attract iron, steel, cobalt and nickel.
2. A magnetic field is a field of force surrounding a magnetic
body.
• Magnetic filed: the area around the magnet
with magnetic force.
• Neutral point: space that does not have any
magnetic field.
 The characteristics of magnetic field lines

1. The magnetic field lines begin from the north

pole and end at the south pole.
2. The magnetic filed lines are closer to one
another where the magnetic filed is stronger.
3. The magnetic field lines never meet or across.
MAGNETIC FIELD LINES
 Electromagnet
1. An electromagnet is a type of magnet that has
temporary magnetic effect when electric current
flow through it.
• The magnetic field lines around a wire carrying
an electric current are circular.
• They form concentric circles with the wire as
the centre and are further apart as they get
further from the wire.
• The direction of the
magnetic field depends on
the direction of the
current flowing in the
wire.
• It can be determined by
using a simple method
called ‘ right – hand grip
rule’.
Application of magnets and electromagnets
in daily life
• Telephone
• Electric bell