Lecture 34 - Elastic Flexural

Analysis for Serviceability

November 20, 2001
CVEN 444
 Lecture Goals

• Serviceability
• Crack width
• Moments of inertia
 Introduction
Recall:

Ultimate Limit States Lead to collapse

Serviceability Limit States Disrupt use of Structures
but do not cause collapse
 Introduction
Types of Serviceability Limit States
- Excessive crack width
- Excessive deflection
- Undesirable vibrations
- Fatigue (ULS)
 Crack Width Control
Cracks are caused by tensile stresses due to loads moments,
shears, etc..
 Crack Width Control
Cracks are caused by tensile stresses due to loads moments,
shears, etc..
 Crack Width Control
Bar crack development.
 Crack Width Control
Temperature crack development
 Crack Width Control
Reasons for crack width control?

• Appearance (smooth surface > 0.01 to 0.013

public concern)
• Leakage (Liquid-retaining structures)
• Corrosion (cracks can speed up occurrence of
corrosion)
 Crack Width Control
Corrosion more apt to occur if (steel oxidizes rust )

• Chlorides ( other corrosive substances) present

• Relative Humidity > 60 %
• High Ambient Temperatures (accelerates
chemical reactions)
• Wetting and drying cycles
• Stray electrical currents occur in the bars.
 Limits on Crack Width
ACI Code’s Basis
max.. crack width = 0.016 in. for interior exposure
0.013 in. for exterior exposure

Cracking controlled in ACI code by regulating the

distribution of reinforcement in beams/slabs.
 Limits on Crack Width
Gergely-Lutz Equation

  0.076 f s 3 d c A
 Crack width in units of 0.001 in.
 Distance from NA to bottom
 (tension) fiber, divided by
distance to reinforcement.
=(h-c)/(d-c)
fs Service load stress in
reinforcement in ksi
 Limits on Crack Width
Gergely-Lutz Equation
  0.076 f s 3 d c A
dc Distance from extreme tension
fiber to center of reinforcement
located closest to it, (in.)
A effective tension area of
concrete surrounding tension
bars (w/ same centroid)
divided by # bars. (for 1 layer
of bars A = (2dc b)/n
 Limits on Crack Width
ACI Code Eqn 10-5 ( limits magnitude of z term )
Note: z
z f 3 d A
s c
(for beams

Interior exposure: critical crack width = 0.016 in.

(  z = 175k/in
Exterior exposure: critical crack width = 0.013 in.
( 13 z = 145k/in
 Limits on Crack Width
Tolerable Crack Widths
Tolerable
Exposure Condition Crack Width

Dry air or protective membrane - 0.016 in.

Humidity, moist air, soil - 0.012 in.
Deicing chemicals - 0.007 in.
Seawater and seawater spray - 0.006 in.
wetting and drying
Water-retaining structures - 0.004 in.
(excluding nonpressure pipes)
 Limits on Crack Width
Thin one-way slabs: Use 

 z = 155 k/in (Interior Exposure)

z = 130 k/in (Exterior Exposure)
fs = service load stress may be taken as
fy
f s  0.60 f y  1.55 – average load factor
 1.55 
 
 
 0.90  strength reduction
. factor
 Example-Crack

Given: A beam with bw= 14 in. Gr 60 steel 4 #8

with 2 #6 in the second layer with a #4 stirrup.
Determine the crack width limit, z for exterior
and interior limits (145 k/in and 175 k/in.).
 Example-Crack
Compute the center of the steel for the given bars.

As  4 #8 bars  2 # 6 bars
 4  0.79 in 2   2  0.44 in 2 
 4.04 in 2
 Example-Crack
The locations of the center of the bars are
db
y1  cover  d stirrup 
2
1.0 in.
 1.5 in.  0.5 in.
2
 2.5 in.
db d b2
y2  2.5 in.   d b 
2 2
1.0 in. 0.75 in.
 2.5 in.   1.0 in.
2 2
 4.375 in.
 Example-Crack

Compute the center of the steel for the given bars.

y
 yA i i

A i

 2.5 in.  
4 0.79 in 2
 
 4.375 in.  
2 0.44 in 2

 2
4.04 in
 2.91 in.
 Example-Crack

Compute number of equivalent bars, n. Use the

largest bar.

n
 Ai 
4.04 in 2
 5.11
2
Abar 0.79 in
Compute the effective tension area

2 yb 2  2.91 in.  14 in.

A   15.93 in 2
n 5.11
 Example-Crack

The effective service load stress is

fs  0.60 f y  0.6  60 ksi   36 ksi

Compute the effective tension area

z  f s 3 d c A   36 ksi  3  2.5 in.  15.93 in 2


 122.9 k/in.
 Example-Crack

The limits magnitude of z term.

122.9 k/in. < 145 k/in. - Interior exposure
122.9 k/in. < 175 k/in. - Exterior exposure
Crack width is
w  0.076  z
 0.076  1.2   122.9 
 11.2
or in.
 Deflection Control
Reasons to Limit Deflection
(1.) Visual Appearance
1
 * l are generally visible
250
( 25 ft. span  1.2 in. )
(2.) Damage to Non-structural Elements
- cracking of partitions
- malfunction of doors /windows
 Deflection Control

(3.) Disruption of function

- sensitive machinery, equipment
- ponding of rain water on roofs
(4.) Damage to Structural Elements
- large ’s than serviceability problem
- (contact w/ other members modify
load paths)
 Allowable Deflections
ACI Table 9.5(a) = min. thickness unless ’s are
computed
ACI Table 9.5(b) = max. permissible computed
deflection
 Allowable Deflections
Flat Roofs ( no damageable nonstructural elements
supported)

l
 LL  inst  
180
 Allowable Deflections
Floors ( no damageable nonstructural elements
supported )

l
 LL inst  
180
 Allowable Deflections
Roof or Floor elements (supported nonstructural elements
likely damaged by large ’s)

l

480
 Allowable Deflections
Roof or Floor elements ( supported nonstructural elements
not likely to be damaged by large
’s )

l

240
 Allowable Deflections

 Deflection occurring after attachment of

nonstructural elements

allow Need to consider the specific structures

function and characteristics.
Moment of Inertia for Deflection Calculation

For I cr  I e  I gt (intermediate values of EI)

M 
a
  
a

Brandon  M cr  
cr   
derived Ie    * I gt  1     cr* I

 Ma    M a  
fr Ig
Mcr = Cracking Moment =
yt
Igt = Moment of inertia of transformed cross-section
fr = Modulus of rupture = 7.5 f c
Moment of Inertia for Deflection Calculation
M 
a
  
a

M cr  
I e   cr  
* I gt  1   * I cr
     
 Ma    M a  
yt = Distance from centroid to extreme tension fiber
Ma = maximum moment in member at loading stage for
which Ie ( ) is being computed or at any previous
loading stage
Ig = Moment of inertia of concrete section neglect
reinforcement
Moment of Inertia for Deflection Calculation

M 
3
  
3

 cr    M cr  *I
Ie  * Ig  1
      cr
 Ma    M a  
or
3
M 
I e  I cr   I g  I cr   cr 
 
 Ma 
Moment Vs curvature plot

M M
  slope   EI
EI 
 “Moment Vs Slope” Plot
The cracked beam starts to lose strength as the amount
of cracking increases
Moment of Inertia
For wc = 90 to 155 lb/ft3

Ec   33 f c
1.5
c  psi 
For normal weight concrete

Ec  57000 f c  psi 
(ACI 8.5.1)
Deflection Response of RC Beams (Flexure)
A- Ends of Beam Crack
B - Cracking at midspan
C - Instantaneous
deflection under service
load
C’ - long time deflection
under service load
D and E - yielding of
Note: Stiffness (slope) decreases
reinforcement @ ends &
as cracking progresses
midspan
Deflection Response of RC Beams (Flexure)

 2   2 
  wl  M  wl 
2
 M  wl  M  
 
     12 
 12   24 

The maximum moments for distributed load acting

on an indeterminate beam are given.
Deflection Response of RC Beams (Flexure)
For Continuous beams
ACI 9.5.2.4  I e  avg   0.50 I e  mid   0.25 I e1  I e2 
ACI Com. 435  2 ends continous :

Weight Average  I e  avg   0.70 I e  mid   0.15 I e1  I e2 
 1 end continous :

 I e  avg   0.85I e  mid   0.15 I e1 
I e  mid   I e@ midspan
I e1  I e@ end 1
I e2  I e@ end 2
 Uncracked Transformed Section
Part (n) =Ej /Ei Area n*Area yi yi*(n)A
Concrete 1 bw*h bw*h 0.5*h 0.5*bw*h2
A’s n A’s (n-1)A’s d’ (n-1)*A’s*d’
As n As (n-1)As d (n-1)*As*d
n*A yi *n*Ai

y
 y *n A
i i
*
i
Note: (n-1) is to remove area
of concrete
n A i
*
i
 Cracked Transformed Section
Finding the centroid of singly Reinforced Rectangular
Section
 y  y
by    nAs d by  nAs y  by    nAs d
2
 
y
 yi Ai
  2  
 
2
 Ai by  nAs b 2
  y  nAs y  nAs d  0
 
 2
Solve for the quadratic for y 2nAs 2nAs d
y 
2
y 0
b b
 Cracked Transformed Section
Singly Reinforced Rectangular Section

2nAs 2nAs d
y 
2
y 0
b b
1 3
I cr  by  nAs  d  y 
2

Es
Note: n
Ec
 Cracked Transformed Section
Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Section
2 n  1 As  2nAs 2 n  1 As  2nAs d
y 
2
y 0
b b
1
I cr  by   n  1 As  y  d   nAs  d  y 
 
3 2 2

3
Note: Es
n
Ec
 Uncracked Transformed Section
Moment of inertia (uncracked doubly reinforced beam)
2
1  h 
I gt  bh  bh y  
3
 
       2
12
concrete

  n  1 As  y  d    n  1 As  y  d 
2 2
             
steel
Note:
1
Ig  bh 3

12
 Cracked Transformed Section
Finding the centroid of doubly reinforced T-Section

2t  be  bw   2 n  1 As  2nAs
y 
2
y
bw


 be  bw  t 2  2 n  1 As  2nAs d
0
bw
 Cracked Transformed Section
Finding the moment of inertia for
a doubly reinforced T-Section

2
1  t  1
   bw  y  t 
3
I cr  be y  bet y 
3
 
       2 3    
12
flange beam

  n  1 As  y  d   nAs  d  y 
2 2
           
steel
 Reinforced Concrete Sections - Example

Given a doubly reinforced beam with h = 24 in, b = 12 in.,

d’ = 2.5 in. and d = 21.5 in. with 2# 7 bars in compression
steel and 4 # 7 bars in tension steel. The material
properties are fc = 4 ksi and fy= 60 ksi.
Determine Igt, Icr , Mcr(+), Mcr(-), and compare to the NA of
the beam.
 Reinforced Concrete Sections - Example

The components of the beam

As  2  0.6 in 2   1.2 in 2
As  4  0.6 in 2   2.4 in 2

 1k 
Ec  57000 f c  57000 4000  
 1000 lb 
 3605 ksi
 Reinforced Concrete Sections - Example

The compute the n value and the centroid, I uncracked

Es 29000 ksi
n   8.04
Ec 3605 ksi
n area (in2) n*area (in2) y i (in) y i *n*area (in2) I (in4) d (in) d2*n*area(in4)
A's 7.04 1.2 8.448 2.5 21.12 - -9.756 804.10
As 7.04 2.4 16.896 21.5 363.26 - 9.244 1443.75
Ac 1 288 288 12 3456.00 13824 -0.256 18.89

313.344 3840.38 13824 2266.74

 Reinforced Concrete Sections - Example

The compute the centroid and I uncracked

y
 yi ni Ai

3840.38 in 3
 12.26 in.
 ni Ai 313.34 in 2

I   I i   di2 ni Ai 13824 in 4  2266.7 in 4

 16090.7 in 4
 Reinforced Concrete Sections - Example
The compute the centroid and I for a cracked doubly
reinforced beam.
2 n  1 As  2nAs 2 n  1 As  2nAs d
y 
2
y 0
b b
2  7.04   1.2 in 2   2  8.04   2.4 in 2 
y2  y
12 in.
2  7.04   1.2 in 2   2  8.04   2.4 in 2   21.5 in.
 s
0
12 in.
y 2  4.624 y  72.664  0
 Reinforced Concrete Sections - Example
The compute the centroid for a cracked doubly reinforced
beam.

y 2  4.624 y  72.664  0

 4.624   4  72.664 
2
4.624 
y
2
 6.52 in.
 Reinforced Concrete Sections - Example
The compute the moment of inertia for a cracked doubly
reinforced beam.
1 3
I cr  by   n  1 As  y  d   nAs  d  y 
  2 2

3
1
I cr   12 in.  6.52 in.
3

3
  7.04   1.2 in   6.52 in.  2.5 in.
2 2

  8.04   2.4 in   21.5 in.  6.52 in.

2 2

 5575.22 in 4
 Reinforced Concrete Sections - Example
The critical ratio of moment of inertia

4
I cr 5575.22 in
 4
 0.346
I g 16090.7 in

I cr  0.35 I g
 Reinforced Concrete Sections - Example
Find the components of the beam
Cc  0.85 f cba  0.85  4 ksi   12 in.  0.85  c  34.68c

 c  2.5 in.  0.0075

 s     0.003  0.003 
 c  c

  0.0075  217.5
fs  Es s  29000  0.003    87 
 c  c
 217.5 
Cs  As  fs  0.85 f c    1.2 in   87 
2

 c 
261
 100.32 
c
 Reinforced Concrete Sections - Example
Find the components of the beam
T   2.4 in 2   60 ksi   144 k

T  Cc  Cs
261
144 k  34.68c  100.32   34.68c 2  43.68c  261  0
c
The neutral axis
 43.68   4  261  34.68 
2
43.68 
c
2  34.68 
 3.44 in.
 Reinforced Concrete Sections - Example
The strain of the steel

 3.44 in.  2.5 in. 


s     0.003  0.0008 0.00207
 3.44 in. 
 21.5 in.  3.44 in. 
s     0.003  0.0158 0.00207
 3.44 in. 

Note: At service loads, beams are assumed to act

elastically.
c  3.44 in.
y  6.52 in.
 Reinforced Concrete Sections - Example
Using a linearly varying  and  = E along the NA is the
centroid of the area for an elastic center
My
 
I
The maximum tension stress in tension is
f r  7.5 f c  7.5 4000
 474.3 psi  0.4743 ksi
 Reinforced Concrete Sections - Example
The uncracked moments for the beam
My I
 M 
I y
fr I 0.4743 ksi  16090.7 in 4 
M cr       650.2 k-in.
y  24 in.  12.26 in.
fr I 0.4743 ksi  16090.7 in 4 
M cr       622.6 k-in.
y 12.26 in.
 Homework-12/2/02

Problem 8.7