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Topic: Compartment Models: Prepared by

Compartment models divide the body into hypothetical compartments based on similar drug distribution properties. A compartment is not a real anatomical space but represents tissues with similar blood flow and drug affinity. Compartment models can be one, two, or three compartments arranged in series or parallel. Drug movement between compartments follows first-order kinetics. Common models include one-compartment open models for intravenous or extravascular drug administration and two-compartment open models which provide a better fit for drugs that distribute more widely before elimination. The apparent volume of distribution is a theoretical volume that the drug distributes to immediately after administration and does not represent a true anatomical space.

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Khandoker Shamim Al Hasan
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389 views

Topic: Compartment Models: Prepared by

Compartment models divide the body into hypothetical compartments based on similar drug distribution properties. A compartment is not a real anatomical space but represents tissues with similar blood flow and drug affinity. Compartment models can be one, two, or three compartments arranged in series or parallel. Drug movement between compartments follows first-order kinetics. Common models include one-compartment open models for intravenous or extravascular drug administration and two-compartment open models which provide a better fit for drugs that distribute more widely before elimination. The apparent volume of distribution is a theoretical volume that the drug distributes to immediately after administration and does not represent a true anatomical space.

Uploaded by

Khandoker Shamim Al Hasan
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TOPIC : COMPARTMENT MODELS

PREPARED BY
MD. ASADUZZAMAN
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY
CONTACT: 01712148888
What is a Compartment Model
Compartmental analysis is the traditional and most
commonly used approach to pharmacokinetic
characterization of a drug.
 A compartment is not a real physiologic or anatomic
region but is considered a tissue or group of tissues that
have similar blood flow and drug affinity.
Within each compartment, the drug is considered to be
uniformly distributed.
What is a Compartment Model
 The kinetics of most drugs can be described by a
hypothetical model consisting of one, two or at the most,
three functional compartments arranged either in series
or parallel to each other.
 It is also assumed that the rate of drug movement
between compartments (i.e., entry and exit) follow first
order kinetics.
 The model is an open system because drug can be
eliminated from the system. (Ref: pg-17/Shargel; pg- 221/Brahmankar)
Types of Compartment models
Compartment models can be classified in the following ways-
A) Depending on the arrangement of the Compartments-
1. Catenary Model
2. Mammillary Model
B) Depending on number of the Compartments
1. One Compartment Open Model
2. Multi-compartment Open Model
i) Two Compartment Open Model
ii) Three Compartment Open Model
(Ref: pg-17/Shargel; pg- 221/Brahmankar)
Types of Compartment Models
1.Catenary Model: The catenary model consists of
compartments joined to one another like the
compartments of a train. This model is rarely used.

2.Mammillary Model: the mammillary model consists of one


or more compartments around a central compartment like
satellites. This model is most commonly used as most
functional organs in the body are directly connected to the
plasma.
(Ref: pg-18 /Shargel: pg-221-223/Brahmankar)
Diagram of some Compartment Models
MODEL 1. One-compartment open model, IV injection.

MODEL 2. One-compartment open model with first-order absorption.

MODEL 3. Two-compartment open model, IV injection.

(Ref: pg-18 /Shargel; pg-222/ Brahmankar)


Diagram of some Compartment Models
MODEL 4. Two-compartment open model with first-order absorption.

MODEL 5. Two-compartment open model, IV injection.


Diagram of some Compartment Models
MODEL 6. Three-compartment open model with first-order absorption.

MODEL 7. Three-compartment open model with first-order absorption


(Catenary Model)
Number of Rate Constants
The number of rate constants which will appear in a
particular compartment model is given by R,
For Intravenous administration, R= 2n-1
For Extravascular administration, R=2n
Where, n= number of compartments.
(Ref: pg-223 /Brahmankar)
One Compartment Open Model
One-compartment open model is a pharmacokinetic model which
considers the body as a single uniform compartment in which the drug
is homogeneously distributed.
Assumptions…..
1. The drug is instantaneously mixed or distributed in blood. Hence it is
called well-stirred one-compartment model.
2. The drug in the blood will rapidly equilibrate with drug in tissue.
Hence the blood and tissues can’t be considered as separate
compartments.
3. The drug is eliminated instantaneously after distribution.
(Ref: pg-75/Shargel)
One Compartment Open Model
One Compartment Open Model
Diagram…

k
IV DB VD

F ig u re: O n e-com p a rtm en t o p en m o d el (IV ad m in istra tio n )

ka k
DB VD

Figure: O n e-com partm ent open m od el (E xtravascular ad m inistration)


Apparent Volume of Distribution(VD)
 The apparent volume of distribution is not an actual volume
in the body, but is a theoretical volume that the drug
uniformly distributes to immediately after being injected
into the body.
 Because the value of the volume of distribution does not
have a true physiologic meaning in terms of an anatomic
space, the term apparent volume of distribution is used.
Mathematical expression- 0
D B  VD C P
(Ref: pg-76-77/Shargel)
Apparent Volume of Distribution(VD)
Further Explanation-

Amount of drug in the fluid 100


Volume    100mL
Concentrat ion of drug in the fluid 1
Amount of drug supposed in the fluid 100
Volume    200mL
Concentrat ion of drug in the fluid 0.5
Apparent Volume of Distribution(VD)

Calculation-
In a one-compartment model (IV administration), the VD
is calculated with the following equation:
Vd= DB/Cp
Again, 0
0  D   k V [AUC]
B e D
α
0
0
 D  k V [AUC]
B e D (Ref:pg-78-79/Shargel)
α
0
D0
B
 VD 
k e [AUC] α
0
Apparent Volume of Distribution(VD)
Calculation-
Apparent Volume of Distribution(VD)
 Significance…..

1. The apparent volume of distribution is not a true physiologic volume,


but rather reflects the space the drug seems to occupy in the body.
2. Drugs with a large apparent VD are more concentrated in
extravascular tissues and less concentrated intravascularly. For
example, the apparent volume of distribution of digoxin is very high,
7.0 L/kg, much greater than the body mass.
3. If a drug is highly bound to plasma proteins or the molecule is too
large to leave the vascular compartment, then Cp 0 will be higher,
resulting in a smaller apparent VD. For example, the apparent volume
of distribution of warfarin is small, approximately 0.14 L/kg, much
less than the total body mass.
Apparent Volume of Distribution(VD)
 The apparent VD is a volume term that can be expressed as a simple volume
or in terms of percent of body weight.
 If VD is a very large number—that is, >100% of body weight—then it may be
assumed that the drug is concentrated in certain tissue compartments.
 For each drug, the apparent VD is a constant.
 In certain pathologic cases, the apparent VD for the drug may be altered if the
distribution of the drug is changed. For example, in edematous conditions, the
total body water and total extracellular water increases; this is reflected in a
larger apparent VD value for a drug that is highly water soluble.
 Similarly, changes in total body weight and lean body mass (which normally
occur with age, less lean mass, and more fat) may also affect the apparent VD.
Thank You
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COVID-19 PANDEMIC

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