Electron Orbitals- How did the models work?

Each dot is an
electron and
where it can
be found at
any given
time

Where are
most of the
Lots of dots in the middle dots?
Electron Orbitals- How did the models work?
This is how
they came up
with orbitals
90% of time
they are in
the shape
Orbital Sublevels and Their Shapes
NOT THE SHAPE OF
ELECTRONS!!!!
s - has only 1 type of orbital

p - has 3 types of orbitals

d - has 5 types of orbitals

f - has 7 types of orbitals

Orbital Configurations
● 2 electrons can fit into each orbital
“s” sublevel 1 orbital 2 electrons
“p” sublevel 3 orbitals 6 electrons
“d” sublevel 5 orbitals 10 electrons
“f” sublevel 7 orbitals 14 electrons
 Review: We already found out that the main energy levels “rings”
go with the periods on the Periodic table. Now, let’s use the PT to
figure out where the sublevel orbitals are.

Sublevels are like sections/blocks in a theatre

Section/block “s” has rows with 2 seats Can you find these sections
on the periodic table?
Section/block “p” has rows with 6 seats **30 seconds: think on your own
**30 seconds: chat with someone
Section/block “d” has rows with 10 seats
Section/block “f” has rows with 14 seats
Sublevel orbitals and the Periodic Table
**Brain break: take some time to color it nicely!

**You can label

this on your
periodic table!
But you won’t
be able to use it
on the test!
STOP HERE!

Canvas: Electron Configuration HW #1

Due Thursday at 8 am
Writing Electron Configurations
Electron configuration: a summary of where the electrons are
located around the atom

● Elec. configuration includes main energy level, orbital sublevel,

and the # of electrons

Here is one way to write an

electron configuration
Writing Electron Configurations
● Are there only electrons in level 2 and sublevel p?
● NO! Remember Aufbau? Fill in lower energy levels first!

● You have to include all levels that contain electrons. For

example, you can’t put electrons in 2p until you fill us 2s.
Writing Electron Configurations

● Here is the electron configuration for Carbon

○ 1s² 2s² 2p² I find it easier to figure out where you’ll end up first.

○ The sum of the superscripts should be total electrons

○ 2 + 2 + 2= 6
○ Carbon has 6 electrons
Writing Electron Configurations
Example problem: Write the electron configuration for Sulfur.

**Each time an energy level and sub-level are filled up, they should
be included in the configuration.
1. Fill up 1 s with 2 electrons, written as 1s²
2. Fill up 2 s with 2 electrons, written as 2s²
3. Fill up 2 p with 6 electrons, written as 2s⁶
4. Fill up 3 s with 2 electrons, written as 3s²
5. Fill up 3 p with 4 electrons, written as 3p⁴

So, it should be written as 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁴

Try these problems!

● Write the electron configuration for

strontium.
○ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 5s2

● Write the electron configuration for lead.

○ 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d105s25p64f145d106s26p2
STOP HERE...for now
Try some of the problems from your practice sheet
There is an even shorter way!
● Instead of writing all levels, you start with the most
recent “noble gas” then the levels and sublevels
that come after.
● Noble gases are in Group 8a, starting with Ne and
going down.
For Chlorine: [Ne] 3s² 3p⁵
Stop Here
Canvas: Electron Configuration HW #2

Due Sunday at 6 pm
This page was intentionally left blank.
Showing how electrons fill
We can show how electrons fill in energy levels by
drawing out an electron orbital diagram.

1. Each energy level and sublevel is written out.

2. A line (or box) is written for each orbital.
a. S orbital has 1 line because it has one orbital
b. P orbitals have 3 lines because there are three orbitals
3. Then, arrows are put on the lines to represent
electrons. Only 2 arrows can go on each line.
4. One arrow is written pointing up, and the other
is written pointing down.
Electron
This Orbital
page was Diagramleft
intentionally of blank.
Sulfur
● Sulfur has 16 electrons, so there should be a total of 16 arrows.
● Notice in 3p where there are two unpaired electrons.
○ Hund’s Rule (I call it the bus seat rule!)
○ Place at least one electron in an orbital before pairing them up
○ If there is an empty seat, sit, if not, squeeze in with someone.
This page was intentionally left blank.
Orbital Notation for Chlorine
1. Figure out how far up your diagram has to go
by figuring out energy level and then what
sublevel you’ll end in.
a. Level 3, sublevel p
2. Fill in with arrows.
a. Remember 1 arrow points up, 1 arrow points down
3. Make sure all seats are filled with one before
doubling up.
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Can also be written side to side!
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Orbital Notation for Bromine
● 4s is filled before 3d.
○ That is because 4s is lower energy
than 3d
● d-block starts in period 4, but is in
energy level 3
● f-block starts in period 6, but is in
energy level 4

*write this on your periodic table

This page was intentionally left blank.
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What is the electron configuration for Phosphorus?

You can do it any of the three ways:

● 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p³

● [Ne] 3s² 3p³
Flame Test Lab- What’s happening?
Electrons excited and go to a higher energy level (excited state).

Then they fall back down to the ground state, emitting light.

Notice how different level falls cause different colors.

Focus is on exciting electrons to higher energy

levels then falling back to lower ones.
Valence Electrons

● Valence electrons: electrons in the highest energy level

● The outermost shell (also called valence shell)

● Valence electrons are held the most loosely

 Valence Electrons
● The number of valence electrons determines
○ The properties of an atom
○ If and how the atom bonds to other atoms

● Valence shell is full when it has 8 electrons

○ Called the octet rule

● One exception: Helium is full when it has 2 valence electrons

 Step 1
Look at the Bohr Models
you did on your sheet.
Determine the # of
valence electrons in each
model.
Step 2
Now find those places
on the periodic table
and see if you can
determine the pattern.
How many valence electrons does an atom have?
● We can also use electron configuration

Arsenic: [Ar] 4s² 3d¹⁰ 4p³

Radon: [Xe] 6s² 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6p⁶

○ Count up electrons in highest energy level
 How many valence electrons does an atom have?
● Look for patterns in the periodic table
○ Group 1a= 1 valence electron
○ Group 2a= 2 valence electrons
○ Group 7a= 7 valence electrons
○ So on and so forth.
So, why is Helium placed over in Group 8 and not in the “empty seat” in Group 2?

All Group 8 elements have full valence shells

Valence Electrons Pattern on the Periodic Table
The Periodic Table
● From 1829- 1869, the Periodic Table was organized by many
different scientists
○ None of them were accepted as the “right” way

● In 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev organized the elements in order

of increasing atomic mass.
● What way is it organized today? Look at Co & Ni
and Te & I
● Today it’s organized by atomic number
The Periodic Table
● What does periodic mean?
○ Properties that repeat at certain intervals
○ OR more simply, patterns that repeat

We have already determined some of those patterns. But we are

going to learn more!
Periodic Table Organization- Periods
● Periods are horizontal rows
● Periods go from side to side
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Periodic Table Organization- Groups

● Groups are vertical columns

● Groups go from top to 1a
3a 4a 5a 6a 7a
8a
2a

bottom
● Or, each column can be
labeled with a number 1-18,
like you see on your Periodic
table.
Periodic Table- Important Groups

Read the handout

given in class for
more detail. A
copy is also on
Canvas.
Metals, Non-metals, and Metalloids
Metal Metalloids Non-metals

Metalloids

Tip for
remembering:
alphabetical
order
 Focus is on identifying and explaining
Periodic Trends the patterns, not this definition!
Periodic Trends: refer to the changing of an atomic characteristic as
one goes across a period on the table or down a group on the table.
That characteristic either increases or decreases. There are three
main trends that are discussed:
● Atomic radius
● Ionization energy
● Electronegativity
 Trends in the Periodic Table

Atomic Radius: the distance

from the center to the edge of an
atom (atomic size)

**It’s hard to tell where the “edge” is, because

electrons can be almost anywhere
Trends of Atomic Radius- What is the pattern?
Figure it out! Atomic Radius Activity w/ partner

● As you go down a group, atomic

radius increases
● As you go across a period, atomic
radius decreases
Trends of Atomic Radius- Why does this happen?
● ↓ Trend
○ As you move down a group, you have
to add an energy level, which makes
the atomic radius bigger
Trends of Atomic Radius- Why does this happen?
● When you go across a period, you are adding protons and
electrons. But electrons are added to the same energy level.
● So it stays the same size, right?
Nope!
 Trends of Atomic Radius- Why does this happen?
● Because the nucleus becomes more positive, it pulls more
strongly on the negative electrons.
● Electrons get closer to nucleus
● → Trend: as you go across the period, A.R. get smaller
Stop here for now!
You can work on Periodic Table
Organization Homework on Canvas
Trends in the Periodic Table

Ionization Energy: the energy required to remove an

electron from an atom

Things to consider:
- How close the atom is to
having a full valence shell
- How close the electrons are to
the nucleus
Trends of Ionization Energy
● As you go down a group, ionization energy decreases
● As you go across a period, ionization energy increases
Trends of Ionization Energy- Why does this happen?
● Vertical Trend ↓
○ As you move down the group, the
electrons are farther from the protons,
so it’s easier to remove electrons
Trends of Ionization Energy- Why does this happen?
● Horizontal trend →
○ Because the nucleus becomes more positive, it
pulls more strongly on the electrons.
○ So it requires more energy to remove electrons
Trends in the Periodic Table
Electronegativity: the ability of an element to attract
electrons when the atom is bonded

Things to consider:

- How close the atom is to

having a full valence shell
Trends in Electronegativity
● As you go down a group, electronegativity decreases
● As you go across a period, electronegativity increases

Same trends
as Ionization
energy!
Trends of Electronegativity- Why does this happen?
● Vertical Trend ↓
○ As you move down the group, the
electrons are farther from the protons,
so it’s easier to lose those electrons
during a bond, harder to hold them in
Trends of Electronegativity- Why does this happen?
● Horizontal trend →
○ More protons will pull stronger at electrons, so it can
hold on to a gained electron
○ Also, they are closer to being “full”
Exception for Electronegativity
● Noble gases aren’t included, because their outer
level is full and don’t gain electrons or bond with
other atoms
Electronegativity